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PANRE > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

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1
Q

/What 2 hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH and vasopressin)

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2
Q

What is Sheehan’s syndrome?

A

Ischemia of the pituitary due to volume depletion after or during childbirth

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3
Q

How do glitizones work?

A

the improve insulin sensitivity

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4
Q

What it the Most common pituitary adenoma

A

Prolactinoma

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5
Q

Large doughy hands should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Gigantism

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6
Q

Diabetes insipidius is caused by a deficiency of which hormone?

A

Vasopressin

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7
Q

How much more potent is T3 compared to T4

A

3-4x

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8
Q

What is the first line medical treatment of a pheochromocytoma?

A

Alpha blocker. You should never use a pure beta blocker

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9
Q

What is the best imaging for a thyroid nodule?

A

Ultrasound

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10
Q

A patient presents with erectile dysfunction and complains of some numbness in his feet. On a second thought he has noticed significant polyuria and polydipsia. What diagnosis should you be thinking of>

A

Diabetes neuorpathy

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11
Q

Pretibial myxedema should make you think of what diagnosis>

A

Graves’s disease

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12
Q

a 35 yo female present with heat intolerance, weight loss and palpitations. What is the most likely diagnosis>

A

Hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

What is the first line medical treatment for a patient who presents with palpitations and nervousness secondary to hyperthyroidism?

A

beta blockers

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14
Q

What is Hashimotos’ disease?

A

An autoimmune cause of hypothryoid

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15
Q

How does Levothyroxine work?

A

It is synthetic T4

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16
Q

What is the Most common thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary - make up about 80% of all thyroid cancers

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17
Q

In a patient with hyperthyroidism will TSH most likely be elevated or decreased?

A

decreased.

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18
Q

How do vibrates work to affect the lipid profile?

A

they inhibit synthesis of VLDL and elevate lipoprotein lipase

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19
Q

What medication might you used prior to thyroidectomy in a patient with hyperthyroidism?

A

Methimazole or Propylthiouracil (PTU)

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20
Q

What is included in Whipple’s triad of hypoglycemia?

A

History of previous hypogylcemia, serum glucose of <40, immediate recovery upon administration of glucose

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21
Q

Positive antithyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin antibodies should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Hashimoto’s

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22
Q

What is the treatment for tibial myxedema?

A

Levothyroxine and slow warming

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23
Q

What is the most common cause of hypoparathyroid ?

A

Post thyroidectomy with the complication of parathyroidectomy

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24
Q

What is Chvostek’s sign?

A

tap on the facial nerve and get a twitch with low calcium

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25
Cortical adrenal insufficiency is also know as what disease?
Addison's disease
26
What is Trousseau's sign?
Inflate a BP cuff and hold for 3 minutes. Patients with hypocalcemia will get carpal tunnel symptoms
27
What is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism?
Single parathyroid adenoma in 80% of cases
28
On Cushing's disease is ACTH elevated of decreased?
Elevated
29
What is Grave's disease
The most common cause of hyperthyroidism. ITs an autoimmune disease
30
What specific breathing pattern is associated with Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
Kussmaul's respirations
31
What is the least aggressive type of thyroid cancer?
Paillary
32
Name 2 tests you might use to rule out Cushing's syndrome
24 hour urnine free cortisol | dexamthasone suppression test
33
List 2 ectopic tumors that may produce ACTH and give a patient Cushing's syndrome
Small cell lung CA Pancreatic islet cells thymomas
34
What is the treatment of Addison's disease?
hydrocortisone or prednisone
35
What is the test to begin with if you suspect a pheochromocytoma?
24 hour urine for catecholamines
36
Exopthalmos should make you think of what diagnosis?
hyperthyroidism
37
What percentage of diabetes in the US is type 2?
80-90%
38
HLD-DR gene is a marker for what endocrine disorder?
DM type 1
39
What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?
increase serum Ca
40
List 4 diagnostic criteria for diabetes?
Random glucose > 200 fasting glucose >126 postprandial glucose > 200 HGB a1c > 6.5
41
Moans, groans, stones and bones describe symptoms of what endocrine problem?
hyperparathyroid
42
Stocking glove anesthesia should make you think of what diagnosis?
Diabetic neuropathy and B12 defieincy
43
Fruity breathe should make you think of what diagnosis?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
44
As it related to diabetes, what is the dawn phenomenon?
reduced insulin response between 5 - 8 am
45
What is the most common cause of hypopituitarism?
Tumor
46
How does metformin work?
decreases hepatic glucose production and increases peripheral glucose uptake
47
How do sulfoynlureas work?
They stimulate the production of insulin
48
What class of medicines does pioglitazone (ACTOS) fall into?
Thiazolidinediones - also know as glitazones
49
What is the suffix associated with sulfonylureas?
'-ide" is the suffix - glipizide, tolbutamide, tolazamide
50
Typically what is the first medication started in Type 2 DM?
metformin
51
How often should a diabetics HgBA1c be checked and what should it be?
q 3 months(RBC life is 90-120 days) and it should be below 6.5%
52
What are the 5 criteria for metabolic syndrome?
``` HDL<40 males/ 50females BP >135/85 Triglycerides >150 Fasting glucose > 100 Waist > 40 inches men/35 inches women ```
53
What class of medications is the first line for lowering LDL?
-statins
54
Which lipid medications can cause flushing?
niacin
55
What life threatening side effect do statins have?
Rhabdomylolsis
56
Does niacin increase or decrease HDL?
increases
57
What medication class does metformin belong?
Biguianides
58
List the 5 insulins in order of peak efficacy
``` Lispro - 1-2 hours Regular 2-4 hours NPH 507 hours Lente 4-8 hours Ultralente 8-14 hours ```
59
IS met forming indicated or contraindicated in patients with renal failure?
Contraindicated
60
What is the most common cause of DM type 1?
Autoimmune destruction of the islet cells in the pancreas
61
List 4 physics exam findings for Cushing's syndrome
``` Moon face buffalo hump, purple straie central obesity supraclavicular fat pads easy bruising ```
62
Propanolol belongs to what category of medications
beta blockers
63
During pregnancy this is the preferred treatment of hyperthyroidism? PTU or methimazole
PTU
64
Name the 4 thyroid cancers
papillary, follicular, medullary anapestic
65
What heparin complication is relevant to endocrinology?
Adrenal infarct leading to Cushing's syndrome
66
How does nicotinic acid work to affect the lipid profile?
It inhibits the secretion of VLDL
67
Hperpigmentation of the skin along creases should make you think of what diagnosis?
Addison's disease
68
Which type of thyroid cancer is most aggressive?
Anaplastic
69
How do statins work to affect the lipid profile
They slow the rate limiting step of cholesterol synthiesis
70
Will ACTH bee elevated or decreased I Addison's disease?
Elevated if the problem is at the level of the adrenal glands
71
What role does C-peptide play in the diagnosis of diabetes
It is a marker of insulin production. Elevated C-peptide points to DM type 2. Decreased C-peptide points to type 1

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