Urology

Question 1

What is the most common type of kidney stone?

Answer 1

Calcium - 85% of all stones

Question 2

What is the most specific imaging modality for diagnosising kidney stones -

Answer 2

CT scan.

Question 3

Will a spermatocoele transiluminate?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

A kidney stone of less than what size will likely pass on its own

Answer 4

Less than 5mm

Question 5

List 3 possible treatments for stress incontinence in women.

Answer 5

Kegel exercises, estrogen replacement, bladder sling

Question 6

a 65 yo male presents wit urinary frequency. On digital rectal exam you feel and elastic moderately enlarged prostate. what is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer 6

BPH (Benign prostatic hypertrophy)

Question 7

A PSA (prostatic specific antigen) above what level should make you concerned?

Answer 7

> 4.0

Question 8

Give 2 major risk factors for erectile dysfunction?

Answer 8

diabetes, hypertension, depression, CAD, medications

Question 9

List one major risk factor for bladder cancer?

Answer 9

smoking

Question 10

Define paraphimosis.

Answer 10

the foreskin is retracted behind the head of the penis and cannot be returned to its normal state/ reduced.

Question 11

Which is an emergency - phimosis or paraphimosis?

Answer 11

paraphimosis

Question 12

What is the name of the condition that involves fibrous scar tissue in the penis causing a curvature of the erect penis?

Answer 12

Peyronie’s disease

Question 13

Both testicles should be descended by what age?

Answer 13

3 months

Question 14

Feeling a bag of worms in the scrotum should make you think of what diagnosis??

Answer 14

varicoele.

Question 15

A fluid filled painless scrotal mass which transilluminates should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 15

hydrocoele.

Question 16

what is the first line treatment for a varicocele

Answer 16

Watchful waiting unless there is a question of fertility

Question 17

Name the sign which is defined as decreased pain with scrotal elevation

Answer 17

Prehns sign

Question 18

Maltese crosses in the urine should make you think of what diagnosis

Answer 18

Nephrotic syndrome.

Question 19

What is th study of choice if you suspect bladder cancer?

Answer 19

Cystoscopy and biopsy

Question 20

What is the most likely diagnosisfor a free loating painless cystic mass found posterior and superior to the testis?

Answer 20

spermatococele

Question 21

what is the age range typical for testicular torsion?

Answer 21

10-20 yo

Question 22

Where is the epididymis found?

Answer 22

at the posterior upper pole

Question 23

What is the best imaging to rule out testicular torsion?

Answer 23

Doppler US for decreased blood flow to the testes

Question 24

What are the 2 most common causes of epidiymitis

Answer 24

N gonorhhea and chlamydia

Question 25

What medication classes are prescribed in order to prevent chronic renal failure in diabetic patients?

Answer 25

ACEIs, and ARBs

Question 26

Will an epididymitis feel better with scrotal elevation (Prehn's sign)?

Answer 26

yes it should

Question 27

What is the normal level of serum bicarb??

Answer 27

24 mEq/L

Question 28

What is the best treatment for epidiymitis?

Answer 28

Ceftriaxone and doxycycline

Question 29

What is the first line antibiotic treatment for cystitis?

Answer 29

Bactrim

Question 30

What is the most common organism that causes a bladder infection?

Answer 30

E coli

Question 31

Tenderness at the costovertebral angle should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 31

pyelonephritis

Question 32

What is the condition where the urethral meatus is not at the tip of the penis

Answer 32

hypospadias and in far fewer cases epispadias

Question 33

What is the most common organism responsible for prostatits?

Answer 33

E coli

Question 34

What is the first line treatment for prostatitis?

Answer 34

Bactrim x 4-6 weeks

Question 35

List 2 risk factors for prostate cancer?

Answer 35

Advancing age, African American, positive family istroy, high fat diet

Question 36

What might you feel on a digital rectal exam of a patient with prostate cancer?

Answer 36

enlarged prostate, hard nodules within the prostate

Question 37

Define priapism

Answer 37

Painful persistent erection

Question 38

A prostate biospy consists of how many samples?

Answer 38

6-12 ( multiple samples from all lobes)

Question 39

Painless hematuria shoudl make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 39

bladder cancer

Question 40

What is the most common bladder cancer?

Answer 40

transitional cell cancer

Question 41

What area of the prostate is the primary site for prostate cancer?

Answer 41

The peripheral zone

Question 42

An involuntary loss of urine during coughing of laughing is known as what type of incontinence?

Answer 42

Stress incontinence

Question 43

A patient with normal bladder function, but cannot get to the bathroom in time has what type of incontinence?

Answer 43

Functional incontinence

Question 44

What type of incontinence is often associated with BPH?

Answer 44

overflow incontinence - the bladder cannot empty sufficiently (because of obstruction)

Question 45

At what age do you begin screening patients for prostate cancer?What 2 tests are used?

Answer 45

Age 50 - Digital rectam exam and PSA are recommended.

Question 46

Often caused by chlamydia - what is the syndrome characterized by urethritis (cervicitis), arthritis and uveitis/conjuctivitis?

Answer 46

Reiter's syndrome.

Question 47

What is the most common type of testicular cancer

Answer 47

Nonseminoma

Question 48

what is the normal PH of the blood

Answer 48

7.35-7.45

Question 49

What is the most accurate way to diagnose urethritis?

Answer 49

Urine PCR

Question 50

what is considered a normal PCO2?

Answer 50

40mmHg

Question 51

An ABG shows a pH of 7.2, a bicarb of 25 and Pco2 of 50 is this respiratory or metabolic acidoisis?

Answer 51

Respiratory acidoisis - the PCO2 is elevated.

Question 52

White blood cell casts should make you think of what disorder?

Answer 52

Pyelonephritis

Question 53

Define phimosis

Answer 53

a condition where the foreskin cannot be retracted over the penis head.

Question 54

Name the condition in which the head of the penis curves downward or upward, at the junction of the head and the shaft of the penis? (often seen with hypospadias)

Answer 54

Chordee

Question 55

How do you treat urethritis?

Answer 55

Ceftriaxone and doxycycline

Question 56

A 3 you boy presents with hematuria and a painless palpable abdonimal mass. Whats the most likely diagnosis?

Answer 56

Wilms tumor

Question 57

List 3 possible causes of prerenal renal failure.

Answer 57

CHF, severe dehydration and hemorrhage

Question 58

What is the most common cause of post renal renal failure

Answer 58

BPH, postrenal renal failure is secondary to outflow obstruction.

Question 59

Muddy-brown sediment in the urine should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 59

Acute tubular necrosis

Question 60

TEa-colored urine with red blood cell casts should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 60

Glomerular nephritits

Question 61

What are the 2 most common predisposing factors in the development of the chronic renal failure?

Answer 61

HTN and DM

Question 62

A sponge like prostate on digital rectal exam should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 62

prostatitis - but be careful. You can cause sepsis with a digital rectal exam.

Question 63

Will a serum potassium be decreased or elevated in renal failure?

Answer 63

elevated.

Question 64

A urine protein of > 3.5 gm / day should make you think of what diagnosis?

Answer 64

nephrotic syndrome

Question 65

what hereditary pattern does polycystic kidney disease follow?

Answer 65

Autosomal dominant