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Nutrition 301 > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

(113 cards)

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1
Q

6 essential organic elements

A
  • hydrogen
  • carbon
  • nitrogen
  • oxygen
  • phosphorus
  • sulphur
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2
Q

Criteria for essential nutrients

A
  • required for growth, health, and survival
  • not synthesized by the body
  • critical for function/development
  • ex) water, some amino acids, some vitamins, select fatty acids, minerals, energy sources
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3
Q

What is DRI

A
  • dietary reference intake
  • encompasses 4 different reference values to assess individuals and groups: EAR, RDA, AI, UL
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4
Q

What is EAR

A
  • estimated average requirement
  • the average daily amount of nutrient to maintain body functions in HALF of specific HEALTHY populations
  • used to calculate RDA
  • used more for group needs
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5
Q

What is RDA

A
  • recommended dietary allowances
  • the average daily amount of nutrient that is adequate to meet nutrient requirements of ALMOST ALL health people in group
  • set above EAR to prevent nutrient deficiencies
  • used more for individual needs
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6
Q

What is AI

A
  • adequate intakes
  • the average daily amount of a nutrient that is estimated to be sufficient to maintain normal bodily function
  • when RDA is unavailable, used to meet the needs of most individuals
  • evidence based on limited evidence
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7
Q

What is UL

A
  • tolerable upper intake levels
  • maximum daily amount of a nutrient likely to pose no risk of adverse health affects for most of healthy population
  • usually caused by misuse of supplements
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8
Q

What is AMDR

A
  • acceptable macronutrient distribution range
  • the range of intake for a particular energy source to reduce risk of chronic disease and providing essential nutrients
  • carbs 45-65%
  • protein 10-35%
  • fat 20-35%
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9
Q

ATP is created by ____ of food fuels to ___ and ___

A
  • oxidation
  • CO2
  • H2O
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10
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate (BEE)

A
  • energy needed at complete rest
  • morning, post absorptive
  • typically 60% of total daily expenditure
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11
Q

Thermic effect of food (TEF)

A
  • increased energy needed for digestion, absorption, storage of food
  • typically 5-15% of total daily expenditure
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12
Q

Physical activity (EEPA)

A
  • activity thermogenesis
  • sum of all daily physical exercise
  • includes EAT and NEAT
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13
Q

EAT

A
  • exercise activity thermogenesis
  • sum of physical fitness
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14
Q

NEAT

A
  • non-exercise activity thermogenesis
  • office work, occupational, leisure (walking)
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15
Q

Obligatory heat production

A
  • released from anabolic and catabolic reactions
  • produced by fundamental molecular transport processes
  • ex) absorption, digestion, storage of nutrients, muscle contraction
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16
Q

Regulatory heat production

A
  • reactions involved in homeostasis of body temperature and body maintenance
  • ex) shivering, uncoupling
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17
Q

How many ATP/1 glucose

A

38 ATP

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18
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • chain of reactions located in inner mitochondrial membrane
  • 3 sites along electron transport chain transfer H+ ions across membrane to generate ATP through electrochemical gradient
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19
Q

Rate limiting step of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • availability of ADP
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20
Q

Uncoupling

A
  • disruption of ETC
  • produces heat
  • causes increase O2 consumption and increase NADH/FADH oxidation without increase ATP synthesis
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21
Q

How much energy is lost as heat

A

60%

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22
Q

How much energy is actually used to accomplish work

A

16%

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23
Q

3 functions of GI tract

A
  • digest complex molecules
  • absorb nutrients
  • barrier to entry of bacteria
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24
Q

2 functions of saliva

A
  • amylase (converts starch to sugar)
  • anti bacterial
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25
Glands in stomach
- parietal cells --> HCL, intrinsic factor - neck cells --> HCO3-, mucous - chief cells --> pepsinogens - enteroendocrine cells --> hormones
26
3 reasons stomach is so acidic
- activates zymogens (enzymes) - denatures proteins - kills bacteria
27
How long is the small intestine
10ft or 3m
28
Functions of small intestine
- bulk of absorption - movement of solute, water and nutrients
29
What part of small intestine has most absorption
- jejunum
30
Life span of an enterocyte
- 72 hours - very metabolically active and quick turnover
31
Water-soluble nutrient transport
- directly into capillaries feeding the portal vein to liver - includes amino acids, monosaccharides, glycerol, SCFAs, electrolytes, water-soluble vitamins
32
Lipid-soluble nutrient transport
- via chylomicrons into lymphatics - require bile salts as a detergent
33
Bile salts functions
- detergent properties - emulsify dietary fat - 4g pool cycled up to 12x/day - 1% is loss, very efficient
34
Bile acid names
- primary: cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid - secondary: deoxycholate, lithocholate
35
Nutrient absorption in stomach
water, alcohol, some minerals
36
Nutrient absorption in small intestine
most vitamins and minerals
37
Nutrient absorption in jejunum
lipids, monosaccharides, amino acids, small peptides
38
Nutrient absorption in ileum
bile salts
39
Nutrient absorption in large intestine
water, electrolytes, vit K, biotin, SCFAs
40
Points of regulation in digestion
- gastric and pancreatic secretions - bile
41
Points of regulation in absorption
- surface area of small intestine - motility - expression of transporters
42
Gastrin
- released by G cells in antrum of stomach - increase secretion of gastric acid, motility, pepsinogen release
43
Secretin
- released by S cells in duodenum in response to acidic chyme - stimulates release of pancreatic juices (HCO3-) and enzymes
44
CCK
- released by I cells in small intestine by enteric nerves in ileum and colon - stimulates release of pancreatic juices (HCO3-) and gall bladder contraction
45
Somatostain
- released by D cells and intestinal cells - inhibits gastric secretions, motility, pancreatic exocrine secretions, and gall bladder secretions
46
Hormones that stimulate hunger
Ghrelin, motilin
47
Hormones that inhibit hunger
PYY, GIP, GLP
48
3 systems of energy systems
- BEE - basal energy expenditure - TEF - thermic effect of food - EEPA - energy expenditure of physical activity
49
Direct measurement of energy expenditure
- measure changes in body temp/heat production - difficult, costly, complex chamber
50
Indirect measurement of energy expenditure
- oxygen consumption as a marker of heat production - body doesn't store O2 - O2 used in oxidative reactions for heat production - measures O2 consumed and CO
51
Respiratory Quotient
- CO2 produced / O2 consumed - calculate heat production
52
RQ for glucose
1
53
RQ for fat
0.7
54
RQ for protein
0.83
55
Explain doubly labelled water
- indirect measure of energy expenditure - 2H stays with water and leaves body - 18O shared between water and CO2 and leaves the body as both H218O and C18O2 - measures the difference in disappearance rate between 2 isotopes and total water pool
56
Energy expenditure calculations
TEE = EEPA + TEF + BEE
57
Factors influencing energy expenditure
- fat free mass - genetically determined - menstrual cycle
58
Correlation between high TEF and
lean body mass
59
2 factors that account for variability of NEAT
- environmental - biological
60
2 NEAT environmental factors
- egocentric (me) - geocentric (group)
61
Positive energy balance increases or decreases NEAT
- increases NEAT - therefore less fat gain
62
Negative energy balance increases or decreases NEAT
- decreases NEAT - energy stores depleted = foraging response
63
Energy balance =
constant energy stores
64
Changes in body stores =
EI (metabolizable energy) - EE (heat)
65
Short term body stores
- glycogen reservers
66
Long term body stores
- protein catabolism - fat catabolism
67
Factors to changing body energy systems
- composition of tissue mass lost or gained - impact on energy expenditure (muscle vs fat) - intake (type of fuel)
68
Potential energy (protein and fat stores) must first be
oxidized
69
Ingestion in excess of oxidation leads to
energy storage and weight gain
70
Change in daily oxidation with overfeeding of carbohydrates
- increases above 71%
71
Change in daily oxidation with overfeeding of proteins
- increases above 2%
72
Change in daily oxidation with overfeeding of fat
- no change less than 1%
73
Hierarchy for oxidation
- alcohol - protein - carbohydrate - fat
74
Energy stores for macronutrients
- alcohol/amino acids - not stores, toxic - carbohydrate - 24h glycogen storage, excess stored as fat - fat - efficient storage and not readily oxidized
75
Percent of protein in lean muscle
20%
76
Percent of lipid in adipose tissue
85%
77
Satiety center in hypothalamus
- ventromedial
78
Feeding center in hypothalamus
- lateral
79
Set point
- increase or decrease body weight via energy imbalance quickly resets
80
Settling point
- acceptance of increased set points during life cycle
81
CNS integrates 2 afferent signals
- short-term (meal) - long term (adipose storage)
82
Efferent outputs of energy balance
- appetite - energy expenditure - growth - hormones - nutrient partitioning - reproduction
83
Regulation of food intake of meal
glucose, amino acids, fatty acids inhibits hunger
84
Regulation of food intake of adipose
leptin inhibits hunger
85
Regulation of food intake of pancreas
insulin, amylin, PP inhibits hunger
86
Regulation of food intake of small intestine
CCK, PYY, GLP-1, OXM inhibits hunger
87
Regulation of food intake of stomach
Ghrelin stimulates hunger
88
CNS meal signals
hypothalamus sensitive to blood concentrations of glucose, amino acids, fatty acids
89
Gut meal singals
- mechanical (stretch receptors) - chemical (peptides from GI tract)
90
Gut hormone - Ghrelin
- stomach - hunger - growth hormone release
91
Gut hormone - Gastrin
- stomach - acid secretion
92
Gut hormone - insulin and glucagon
- pancreas - glucose homeostasis
93
Gut hormone - polypeptide
- pancreas - gastric motility - satiation
94
Gut hormone - amylin
- pancreas - glucose homeostasis - gastric motility
95
Gut hormone - CCK
- duodenum - gall bladder contraction - GI motility - pancreatic exocrine secretion
96
Gut hormone - secretin
- duodenum - pancreatic exocrine secretion
97
Gut hormone - GLP-1
- small intestine - incretin activity - satiation
98
Gut hormone - GLP 2
- small intestine - GI motility and growth
99
Gut hormone - oxytomodulin
- small intestine - satiation - acid secretion
100
Gut hormone - PYY
- small intestine - satiation
101
NPY and agouti related protein
- hypothalamus - hunger
102
Long term signals - Leptin
- secreted by adipocytes - reduces food intake - elevated energy expenditure
103
Long term signals - Insulin
- secreted by B cells in pancreas - reflect fuel availability - higher insulin = reduction in appetite
104
Short term signals collated by
nucleus of solitary tract (NTS) in brainstem
105
Short and long term signals collated by
PVN located in ventromedial hypothalamus
106
Long term signals collated by
arcuate nucleus
107
Lateral hypothalamus stimulates
feeding
108
Energy surplus in hypothalamus
- increase leptin and insulin - stimulates POMC in ARC - inhibits NPY/AgRP in ARC - increases alphaMSH - stimulates anorexigenic neurons in PVN - decreases food intake - increases energy expenditure
109
Energy deficit in hypothalamus
- decrease leptin and insulin - stimulates NPY/ArRP in ARC - inhibits POMC in ARC - increases NPY and AgRP - stimulates orexigenic neurons in LHA - increases food intake - decreases energy expenditure
110
Eating behavior
- overrides appetite and physiological feedback loops that control set point - body will defend the new weight gain - prevention of weight regain after weight loss is more difficult
111
Factors of obesity
- physiology, behavior, environment go into energy balance - energy intake >> energy expenditure
112
Metabolic syndrome
- high waist circumference - high BMI - high triacylglycerol levels - high cholesterol - high blood pressure - high glucose levels
113
Obesity treatment
- control energy intake - lifestyle change - increase PAL - anti-obesity drugs - surgery

Nutrition 301 (7 decks)

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