Energy conversions & Feed biochemistry

Question 1

What is energy?

Answer 1

The power driving all functions of an organism

Question 2

What are some forms of energy?

Answer 2

Heat, Mechanical and Chemical

Question 3

What can energy not?

Answer 3

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Question 4

What are the energy measurements?

Answer 4

Joules and Calories

Question 5

How many calories in a kcal?

Answer 5

1000

Question 6

How many calories per gram of carbohydrate?

Answer 6

4

Question 7

How many calories per gram of fat?

Answer 7

9

Question 8

How many calories per gram of protein?

Answer 8

4

Question 9

What does food separate into?

Answer 9

Dry matter and Water

Question 10

What is Inorganic Dry Matter?

Answer 10

Major and trace minerals

Question 11

What is Organic Dry Matter

Answer 11

Vitamine, Lipids, Carbs and Proteins

Question 12

Why should we analyse animal feed?

Answer 12

• Governmental regulations
• Standards
• Labelling
• Food safety
• Authenticity
• Quality control
• Research and development

Question 13

What are the two classes of minerals?

Answer 13

Macrominerals (Major) and Microminerals (Trace)

Question 14

What are the Macrominerals?

Answer 14

Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Magnesium and Potassium

Question 15

What are the Microminerals?

Answer 15

Copper, Iron, Zinc, Iodine, Selenium

Question 16

What are Macrominerals measured in?

Answer 16

PPH (parts per hundred)

Question 17

What are Microminerals measured in?

Answer 17

PPM (parts per million)

Question 18

What do minerals help with?

Answer 18

Skeletal health, protein synthesis, oxygen transport, enzyme reactions

Question 19

What are the two classes of vitamins?

Answer 19

Water-soluble and Fat-soluble

Question 20

What are the Water-soluble vitamins?

Answer 20

B group, C

Question 21

What are the Fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 21

A, D, E and K

Question 22

What do the Water-soluble vitamins do?

Answer 22

• Dissolve in water
• Needed for energy release and utilisation
• Excess excreted in urine

Question 23

What do the Fat-soluble vitamins do?

Answer 23

• Dissolve in fat
• Remain in the body for long periods
• Excess stored in fatty tissue, kidneys and liver
• Lead to toxicity

Question 24

What are the factors of feed?

Answer 24

• Quality of feed (forage or concentrate)
• Nutrient profile
• Availability of feed
• Palatability

Question 25

What do all feeds have?

Answer 25

Gross Energy (GE) based on Dry Matter (DM)

Question 26

What is Gross Energy measured in?

Answer 26

Joules

Question 27

What affects how much energy an animal gets from a feed?

Answer 27

- Digestibility – some energy lost as waste - Faeces - Urine - Gases (Methane) - Heat

Question 28

What are the different types of energy?

Answer 28

Gross energy (GE), Digestible Energy (DE), Metabolisable energy (ME) and Net Energy

Question 29

What is Digestible energy?

Answer 29

Energy lost via faeces extracted; energy content of digested nutrients

Question 30

What is Metabolisable energy?

Answer 30

Further loss via metabolism; urinary losses, and methane concern in ruminants

Question 31

What is Net energy?

Answer 31

Actual energy gained 'true requirement/value'

Question 32

What happens when energy isn't adequate?

Answer 32

- Body condition - Health depletion - Production loss - Animal loss

Question 33

What is DER?

Answer 33

Animal's daily requirement

Question 34

What is BER?

Answer 34

Basal energy rate, the amount of energy required to keep vital organs functioning continuously.

Question 35

Why is BER difficult to measure?

Answer 35

Requires animal to be completely stress free

Question 36

What is RER?

Answer 36

Resting energy rate, is the amount of energy an animal needs in a resting state (at least 12 hours after eating).

Question 37

What is MER?

Answer 37

Maintenance energy rate, resting energy rate plus the energy needed for exercise and digestion

Question 38

What are the maintenance energy requirements needed for cats and dogs?

Answer 38

Cats = RER x 1.4 | Dog = RER x 2

Question 39

What type of food do young animals need?

Answer 39

'energy dense' food

Question 40

What is Gross energy?

Answer 40

the total energy content of food, not all is taken by the body

Question 41

Gross energy - _____ = digestible energy

Answer 41

faecal energy

Question 42

Digestible - _____ = metabolizable energy

Answer 42

Urinary losses

Question 43

Metabolizable energy - _______ = net energy

Answer 43

Heat loss

Question 44

What happens at the end with Net energy?

Answer 44

Net energy is used for maintenance and then production

Question 45

What are carbohydrates made up of?

Answer 45

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

Question 46

What happens to carbohydrates during metabolism?

Answer 46

they are burned to produce energy

Question 47

What are Carbohydrates present as?

Answer 47

Sugars, Starch (polymers of sugars) and fibre (Non-starch Polysaccharide- NSP)

Question 48

What does Heparin do?

Answer 48

prevents blood from clotting, contains carb

Question 49

What does Ribose do?

Answer 49

part of DNA and RNA

Question 50

Where does no carbohydrate digestion take place?

Answer 50

The stomach

Question 51

Where does carbohydrate digestion start?

Answer 51

Begins in the mouth by amylase (which is produced by the salivary glands)

Question 52

Where does the digestion of carbs mainly occur?

Answer 52

Small intestine (through the action of pancreatic and intestinal juices)

Question 53

What are lipids?

Answer 53

- Lipids consist of a broad group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water. - They are major components of adipose tissue, and together with proteins and carbohydrates, they constitute the principal structural components of all living cells.

Question 54

What can the fatty acids in lipids be grouped into?

Answer 54

Unsaturated fatty acids and Saturated fatty acids

Question 55

What are the different types of fatty acids?

Answer 55

Short-chan fatty acids, Medium-chain fatty acids, Long-chain fatty acids, Very long chain fatty acids

Question 56

How many carbon atoms are in short-chain fatty acids?

Answer 56

2 - 6

Question 57

How are the short-chain fatty acids produced?

Answer 57

mainly produced when dietary fibres are fermented by bacterial hydrolytic enzymes produced by gut microflora

Question 58

How many carbon atoms are in medium-chain fatty acids?

Answer 58

6 - 12

Question 59

What can Medium-chain fatty acids form?

Answer 59

Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)

Question 60

How many carbon atoms are in long-chain fatty acids?

Answer 60

13 - 21

Question 61

How many carbon atoms are in very long chain fatty acids?

Answer 61

22 or more carbons

Question 62

What are fatty acids broke down into?

Answer 62

Triglycerides

Question 63

Triglycerides are what?

Answer 63

The body's main source of energy

Question 64

What can an excess of triglycerides lead to?

Answer 64

High cholesterol

Question 65

What is excess protein stored as?

Answer 65

Fat

Question 66

What are some roles of protein?

Answer 66

- Growth and repair - Production of DNA, hormones and antibodies - Source of essential amino acids

Question 67

What are amino acids?

Answer 67

The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, which are small organic molecules that consist of an alpha (central) carbon atom linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable component called a side chain

Question 68

What are the essential amino acids?

Answer 68

Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine + Taurine in cats