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Animal nutrition > Energy conversions & Feed biochemistry > Flashcards

Energy conversions & Feed biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is energy?

A

The power driving all functions of an organism

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2
Q

What are some forms of energy?

A

Heat, Mechanical and Chemical

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3
Q

What can energy not?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

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4
Q

What are the energy measurements?

A

Joules and Calories

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5
Q

How many calories in a kcal?

A

1000

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6
Q

How many calories per gram of carbohydrate?

A

4

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7
Q

How many calories per gram of fat?

A

9

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8
Q

How many calories per gram of protein?

A

4

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9
Q

What does food separate into?

A

Dry matter and Water

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10
Q

What is Inorganic Dry Matter?

A

Major and trace minerals

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11
Q

What is Organic Dry Matter

A

Vitamine, Lipids, Carbs and Proteins

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12
Q

Why should we analyse animal feed?

A
  • Governmental regulations
  • Standards
  • Labelling
  • Food safety
  • Authenticity
  • Quality control
  • Research and development
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13
Q

What are the two classes of minerals?

A

Macrominerals (Major) and Microminerals (Trace)

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14
Q

What are the Macrominerals?

A

Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Magnesium and Potassium

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15
Q

What are the Microminerals?

A

Copper, Iron, Zinc, Iodine, Selenium

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16
Q

What are Macrominerals measured in?

A

PPH (parts per hundred)

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17
Q

What are Microminerals measured in?

A

PPM (parts per million)

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18
Q

What do minerals help with?

A

Skeletal health, protein synthesis, oxygen transport, enzyme reactions

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19
Q

What are the two classes of vitamins?

A

Water-soluble and Fat-soluble

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20
Q

What are the Water-soluble vitamins?

A

B group, C

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21
Q

What are the Fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E and K

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22
Q

What do the Water-soluble vitamins do?

A
  • Dissolve in water
  • Needed for energy release and utilisation
  • Excess excreted in urine
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23
Q

What do the Fat-soluble vitamins do?

A
  • Dissolve in fat
  • Remain in the body for long periods
  • Excess stored in fatty tissue, kidneys and liver
  • Lead to toxicity
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24
Q

What are the factors of feed?

A
  • Quality of feed (forage or concentrate)
  • Nutrient profile
  • Availability of feed
  • Palatability
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25
Q

What do all feeds have?

A

Gross Energy (GE) based on Dry Matter (DM)

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26
Q

What is Gross Energy measured in?

A

Joules

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27
Q

What affects how much energy an animal gets from a feed?

A
  • Digestibility – some energy lost as waste
  • Faeces
  • Urine
  • Gases (Methane)
  • Heat
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28
Q

What are the different types of energy?

A

Gross energy (GE), Digestible Energy (DE), Metabolisable energy (ME) and Net Energy

29
Q

What is Digestible energy?

A

Energy lost via faeces extracted; energy content of digested nutrients

30
Q

What is Metabolisable energy?

A

Further loss via metabolism; urinary losses, and methane concern in ruminants

31
Q

What is Net energy?

A

Actual energy gained ‘true requirement/value’

32
Q

What happens when energy isn’t adequate?

A
  • Body condition
  • Health depletion
  • Production loss
  • Animal loss
33
Q

What is DER?

A

Animal’s daily requirement

34
Q

What is BER?

A

Basal energy rate, the amount of energy required to keep vital organs functioning continuously.

35
Q

Why is BER difficult to measure?

A

Requires animal to be completely stress free

36
Q

What is RER?

A

Resting energy rate, is the amount of energy an animal needs in a resting state (at least 12 hours after eating).

37
Q

What is MER?

A

Maintenance energy rate, resting energy rate plus the energy needed for exercise and digestion

38
Q

What are the maintenance energy requirements needed for cats and dogs?

A

Cats = RER x 1.4 | Dog = RER x 2

39
Q

What type of food do young animals need?

A

‘energy dense’ food

40
Q

What is Gross energy?

A

the total energy content of food, not all is taken by the body

41
Q

Gross energy - _____ = digestible energy

A

faecal energy

42
Q

Digestible - _____ = metabolizable energy

A

Urinary losses

43
Q

Metabolizable energy - _______ = net energy

A

Heat loss

44
Q

What happens at the end with Net energy?

A

Net energy is used for maintenance and then production

45
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

46
Q

What happens to carbohydrates during metabolism?

A

they are burned to produce energy

47
Q

What are Carbohydrates present as?

A

Sugars, Starch (polymers of sugars) and fibre (Non-starch Polysaccharide- NSP)

48
Q

What does Heparin do?

A

prevents blood from clotting, contains carb

49
Q

What does Ribose do?

A

part of DNA and RNA

50
Q

Where does no carbohydrate digestion take place?

A

The stomach

51
Q

Where does carbohydrate digestion start?

A

Begins in the mouth by amylase (which is produced by the salivary glands)

52
Q

Where does the digestion of carbs mainly occur?

A

Small intestine (through the action of pancreatic and intestinal juices)

53
Q

What are lipids?

A
  • Lipids consist of a broad group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water.
  • They are major components of adipose tissue, and together with proteins and carbohydrates, they constitute the principal structural components of all living cells.
54
Q

What can the fatty acids in lipids be grouped into?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids and Saturated fatty acids

55
Q

What are the different types of fatty acids?

A

Short-chan fatty acids, Medium-chain fatty acids, Long-chain fatty acids, Very long chain fatty acids

56
Q

How many carbon atoms are in short-chain fatty acids?

A

2 - 6

57
Q

How are the short-chain fatty acids produced?

A

mainly produced when dietary fibres are fermented by bacterial hydrolytic enzymes produced by gut microflora

58
Q

How many carbon atoms are in medium-chain fatty acids?

A

6 - 12

59
Q

What can Medium-chain fatty acids form?

A

Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)

60
Q

How many carbon atoms are in long-chain fatty acids?

A

13 - 21

61
Q

How many carbon atoms are in very long chain fatty acids?

A

22 or more carbons

62
Q

What are fatty acids broke down into?

A

Triglycerides

63
Q

Triglycerides are what?

A

The body’s main source of energy

64
Q

What can an excess of triglycerides lead to?

A

High cholesterol

65
Q

What is excess protein stored as?

A

Fat

66
Q

What are some roles of protein?

A
  • Growth and repair
  • Production of DNA, hormones and antibodies
  • Source of essential amino acids
67
Q

What are amino acids?

A

The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, which are small organic molecules that consist of an alpha (central) carbon atom linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable component called a side chain

68
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine + Taurine in cats

Animal nutrition (8 decks)

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