Energy Crisis Flashcards
(22 cards)
1
Q
CS’s x2 - Oil Fluctuation
A
- 1978 Iran oil workers strike to 1979 Iranian revolution shatters Iran’s oil sector to 1980 Iraqi invasion Iran stops oil production
- Gulf War 2 - Bush / US (+UK) want exploit oil - beneath freedom operation discourse - free Iraqi
2
Q
Oil Country
A
Saudi Arabia
- 65% electricity generated oil
- domestic consumption subsidised - fossil fuel companies global subsidies £3.4 trillion year
3
Q
Coal Country
A
China
- oil consumption grown 8% year since 2002
- worlds largest energy consumer 2010
- clean coal tech eg. carbon capture + storage
- worlds biggest coal producer 40% global production and biggest consumer
- 90% coal reserves in arid, env sensitive regions
- 620 coal fire stations
- Beijing pollution
4
Q
United Nations Environment (2018)
A
UN collecting data fossil fuel subsidies as part SDGs. Govs spend annually up to $400bn these subsidies. Artificial lowering prices locks us into a carbon world with wasteful consumption, pollution etc. Remove them + tax fossil fuels = 20% decline carbon emissions and raise $2.9 trillion year. eg. British Columbia, Canada carbon tax reduced fuel use 15% per person.
5
Q
Bradshaw (2008)
Resources
A
- Resource consumption threat globe + ecosystem
- Resources are dynamic - change with civilisation, change spatially (more similar globalisation)
- Resources related to power and control - colonialism
- Resource base = finite stock
- Proven resource (discovered + can extract), condition (not econ viable extract), hypothetical (future discovery)
- US involvement iraq war oust Hussein (Gulf war) - US policy Middle east ab oil
- nuclear energy - R increase 15 to 25% by 2020 vs Sweden phase out
- Energy mix linked development
- geopolitical eg. Russian gas (UK rely)
6
Q
Caldecott (2011)
A
- high carbon investment potential next sub-prime crisis
- Need act now become low-carbon economy
- to limit chance exceeding 2 degree warming to 20% can emit 565 gigatonnes CO2 by 2050 but fossil reserves are 2,795 gigatonnes - 80% have stay ground
7
Q
Energy Poverty figures
A
- Nigeria 76.4% without electricity despite oil wealth
- UK 10.4% households fuel poverty
8
Q
SE4ALL official site (Sustainable Energy for All initiative)
A
UN Targets to be met 2030 (SDG 7 also)
- Ensuring universal access to modern energy services
- Increasing energy efficiency
- Double share renewable energy in global energy mix
- huge cost to achieve, no plan financing and big infrastructure does not suit developing needs
9
Q
Hancock (2015)
Potential for renewable energy SSA (NY)
A
Potential for renewable energy SSA
- 32% africans w/o electricity and indoor pollution = 600,000 premature deaths year
- same energy consumption New York City 19.5mn and Sub-Sarahan Africa 791mn
- 25 countries SSA blackout crisis
- need to understand local cultures and needs when applying schemes electricity
- Accommodate rural (63% africans live rural)
- need community, decentralised, local, renewable - donations to start as companies won’t sponsor small
10
Q
Prasad (2011)
SSA energy
A
SSA energy
- 74% no access electricity - 89% rural
- 80% cook wood fuels / rely traditional fuel
- inequality rural access 11% urban 54% 4% lowest income group and 74% highest
- Asian investors in SSA 2001-6 china $1.7bn year 6 HEP projects include rural electrification programme Zimbabwe
- to achieve universal access modern electricity 2030 SSA 28mn year connecting electricity, 31mn modern cooking
11
Q
Khadka (2012) - Modern Energy Crisis
A
Indian Energy Crisis 2012
- India’s northern power grid collapses, impacting 370mn people July 30 - next day collapses again with also eastern & NE grids = impact 630mn people
- Cause: weak monsoon limited HEP generation (26% total energy), overuse (too high demand)
- India 300mn w/o electricity acces
- India generates 65% electricity from non-renewables
- need decentralise - illegal wiring etc infrastructure old
- BRIC increasing energy demand
- needs $182bn for universal access 2030
- suggestion cross-border network countries pull resources (Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh - 50% pop w/o electricity) - India & Nepal water controversy - conflict solving to? Regional grid
12
Q
The Energy and Resources Institute
A
Lighting a billion lives campaign in Delhi, India
13
Q
Power (2017)
A
- 20% or 1/5 global population without access to electricity (95% SSA or dev Asia; 80% rural)
- 40% or 2/5 without access clean cooking facilities
- South Africa access electricity 34% 1991 now 85% post apartheid - Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer’s Procurement Programme $14bn investment
- Brazil invest in Mozambique coal, and now gas discoveries.
- 75% Mozambiques population off-grid
- M exports power to industrial consumers. - export electricity from Cahora Bassa (dam - Portuguese colonialism - depend HEP) then reimporting to Maputo higher cost - bypass local village interest industry - power focused export and industry
- Mphanda Nkuwa HEP Chinese bank money, Brazilian firm build to create 1,500MW electricity - would displace 1,400 people + threaten 200,000 subsistence farmers livelihoods
- India invest M first solar plant
14
Q
Mulugetta and Urban (2010)
A
- Low carbon dev - need change dev trajectory
- need $40bn year achieve universal energy access 2030
- need econ model linked environment
- need rich countries uptake low carbon tech to create market
- Maldives to be carbon neutral 2020 but cost $110m year achieve
- China aim dominance renewable market
- decouple growth and carbon
- LOCAL important
15
Q
BBC (2019) / Gallas (2019)
A
Brazil Dam Brumadinho collapse - at iron ore mine owned Vale
- 300 dead or missing
/
Turn Vale company multiple dam breaks
- global Brazilian company - mining revenue £26bn 2017
- protestors against, $20bn off stock value
- move away high risk investment
16
Q
Garside (2015)
A
SDG 7 = energy (access universal reliable, modern, affordable energy ; double rate efficiency ; increase share renewables - by 2030)
- focus large scale infrastructure, where funding
- need bottom-up solutions w locals
17
Q
Slavin (2015)
A
- 3bn rely dangerous fuel eg. kerosene
- need development through sustainable energy sources (issue finance)
- M-pesa mobiles
- need communities and local knowledge central - grassroots key
- $800bn year meet goal 7
- private sector investment
18
Q
Ockwell and Bryne (2017)
A
- need make rising energy demand developing met renewables
- energy access so poor escape poverty
- need social transformation
- CDM assumption tech means access
- need open new development paths - not European one
- narrative tech focus means issues not solved in line with those need it - need small scale, bottom-up, community
19
Q
Bradshaw (2009)
A
- 2008 peak oil $147 barrel
- energy CO2 emissions = over 61% global greenhouse emissions
- need tackle energy security and need low-carbon - energy revolution (helps developing, not just developed)
- change geog - 2008 first year non OECD energy consumption greater OECD
- OPEC power eg. 1973 not supply US + other countries supported Israel Yom Kippur war - embargo (per barrel price x4 73-4) - OPEC 44% global oil production
- energy security challenges
1. US oil addiction - largest consumer + importer - 5% world pop, 25% oil consumes - 3rd largest oil producer 2007 but still imported 58% needs - Gulf War 1990 Iraqi invasion Kuwait ($15 to $30 barrel) as claim Kuwait overproducing oil = drop price + illegal drilling - US enter to stop - Iraqi military set fire 600 oil wells - if Iraq successful controlled 20% OPEC production and 20% world oil reserves
2. EU reliance Russian gas (25% consumption) - Russia set price politically eg. East Europe cheaper
3. China and new scramble for Africa - coal = 70% energy mix
- 2nd largest oil consumer
- China invest africa, including places US won’t eg. indigenous, frame as south-to-south developing cooperation, gain other countries isolating Taiwan
20
Q
Power (2008)
A
- stigmatising labels developing , third world etc
- dev equality or catching up w wealthy less likely widening global inequality
- two sided story energy + development
21
Q
Tagliapietra and Bazilian (2017)
A
SSA electrification
- 92% financial support World Bank, African Development Bank and EU
- less 1/3 electricity access
- 600,000 premature deaths year air pollution cooking
- average electrification rate 35%, 16% rural
- annual investments $8bn - 100bn needed to meet 2030 target (need private investment)
- China SOEs (state owned enterprises) = 30% new power capacity SSA 2010-15 investment 13bn
22
Q
Pachauri and Cherp (2011)
A
- need think energy security at national level and household access level
- coordinated governance needed climate change, energy security and energy access
- energy transition and less affordable and available oil may impact poor countries worse - poor people bottom more vulnerable to energy system disruption and vulnerability increases with energy like wind often
- challenge is energy access populations bottom - rural electrification and clean cooking stoves real problem
- SSA 80% pop rely traditional fuels cook
- gender issues also important
