Energy Metabolism

Question 1

Where does absorbed nutrients taken first?

Answer 1

liver

Question 2

What is the main role of the liver?

Answer 2

Metabolizes, packages, stores, and ships out for use by other organs

Question 3

What is the bodies more active metabolic factories?

Answer 3

The liver

Question 4

What is produced from the pancreas when blood glucose falls?

Answer 4

glucagon

Question 5

What are the functions of insulin?

Answer 5

• Promotes cells to take up glucose for fuel
• Prompts liver cells to store glucose as glycogen

Question 6

What are the functions of glucagon?

Answer 6

Prompts liver to dismantle its glycogen stores and release glucose into
the blood for use by all the other body cells

Question 7

What is the main function of the kidney?

Answer 7

1. Filter waste products from the blood for
   excretion in urine
2. Reabsorb needed nutrients

Question 8

What does the liver produce to help regulate blood pressure?

Answer 8

renin

Question 9

The liver converts a precursor compound to active what?

Answer 9

Vitamin D

Question 10

What are enzymes?

Answer 10

Proteins that mediate metabolic reactions

Question 11

What are coenzymes?

Answer 11

Vitamins - enhance or necessary for the actions of enzymes

• niacin and riboflavin

Question 12

What are cofactors?

Answer 12

minerals like zinc that are required for enzyme activity

Question 13

What occurs for accelerated metabolism?

Answer 13

severe stress to body ( burns, infection, surgery)

Question 14

What is anabolism?

Answer 14

-build body compounds when not needed for energy

• Build muscle

Question 15

What requires energy provided by ATP?

Answer 15

Anabolic reactions

Question 16

What is anabolism?

Answer 16

-complex molecules from basic

• requires chemical energy
• uses condensation reactions

Question 17

What is catabolism?

Answer 17

breaking down of body compounds when the body needs energy

Question 18

When is glycogen broken down to glucose?

Answer 18

catabolism

Question 19

What type of reaction releases energy?

Answer 19

Catabolic reactions

Question 20

What is catabolism?

Answer 20

breakdown of complex to basic

releases energy

uses hydrolysis

Question 21

What is ATP?

Answer 21

• Adenosine Triphosphate
• high energy compound that contains 3 phosphate groups
• Transfers small amounts of usable energy to move our muscles

Question 22

Where is glycolysis taken place?

Answer 22

cytoplasm, cytosol

Question 23

What is the TCA cycle?

Answer 23

• tricarboxylic acid cycle
• Krebs or citric acid cycle
• mitrochondria

Question 24

Where is the the ETC taken place?

Answer 24

Mitrochondria

Question 25

What is glycolysis?

Answer 25

glucose converted into pyruvate that produces 2 ATP in the cytoplasm

Question 26

After glycolysis, pyruvate is converted into what?

Answer 26

acetyl-CoA

Question 27

Fatty acids can be broken down into what?

Answer 27

2-carbon fragments that combine with CoA to form acetyl CoA

Question 28

What can glycerol be converted to?

Answer 28

pyruvate and acetyl CoA

Question 29

What can amino acids be converted into?

Answer 29

1. pyruvate 2. acetyl CoA

Question 30

How many ATP molecules are produced in the TCA cycle?

Answer 30

2

Question 31

What is the final step in energy metabolism?

Answer 31

ETC

Question 32

What is the max ATP made in ETC?

Answer 32

34

Question 33

What is aerobic metabolism?

Answer 33

-Production of ATP from ETC - requires O2 in final step

Question 34

What is anaerobic metabolism?

Answer 34

-Production of ATP through glycolysis -Does NOT require O2

Question 35

What yields ATP and coenzyme NADH?

Answer 35

glycolysis

Question 36

What is lipolysis?

Answer 36

glycerol converted to pyruvate

Question 37

What is deamination?

Answer 37

- removal of amine group from amino acid to form a keto acid

Question 38

Where does deamination primarily occur?

Answer 38

Liver

Question 39

What is glycogenic?

Answer 39

pyruvate

Question 40

What is ketogenic?

Answer 40

acetyl-CoA

Question 41

True or false: Any compound that can be converted to pyruvate can be used to make glucose?

Answer 41

True

Question 42

True or false: Compounds that are converted to acetyl-CoA can be used to make glucose?

Answer 42

FALSE: it cannot be used to make glucose

Question 43

What is produced from non-carb sources?

Answer 43

gluconeogenesis

Question 44

What is the main role of amino acids?

Answer 44

Maintain body protein supply

Question 45

Amino acids must undergo what to become an energy source?

Answer 45

deamination and then converted to pyruvate

Question 46

what is tansamination?

Answer 46

amino acid transfers amine group to keto acid, a new amino acid and keto acid are formed

Question 47

How do we regulate metabolism?

Answer 47

coenzymes - assist the production of energy

Question 48

What is thiamin?

Answer 48

Involved in CHO metabolism – pork – legumes – sunflower seeds –whole-grain breads

Question 49

What is riboflavin?

Answer 49

precursor of the coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide – dairy – meat – eggs – green vegetables – whole-grain breads

Question 50

What is niacin?

Answer 50

Precursor for the synthesis or coenzymes NAD and NADP – meat – fish – peanut butter – whole-grain bread – certain vegetables (e.g. mushrooms)

Question 51

What is Pyridoxine?

Answer 51

active form of pyridoxine is pyridoxal phosphate – protein-rich foods (e.g. poultry, meat, fish) – certain fruits (e.g. bananas) and vegetables (e.g. spinach)

Question 52

What is folate?

Answer 52

- Part of protein metabolism - Beef liver, legumes (e.g. lentils), beets, leafy green vegetables

Question 53

What are the two forms of folate?

Answer 53

1. Folate - naturally occurring in foods 2. Folic acid - dietary supplement and fortified foods

Question 54

What works closely together with Folate?

Answer 54

Vitamin B12

Question 55

What is Vitamin B12?

Answer 55

– animal foods e.g. red meat, dairy – fortified cereals

Question 56

What is pantothenic acid?

Answer 56

precursor for the biosynthesis of coenzyme A ( CoA)

Question 57

What minerals play role in hormonal regulation?

Answer 57

1. sulfur 2. iodine

Question 58

What are food sources for sulfur?

Answer 58

all protein containing foods (meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, legume, nuts)

Question 59

What is iodine?

Answer 59

- part of thyroid hormones - seafood, soil, iodized salt