Pregnancy and lactation

Question 1

What are the nutrition stages of life?

Answer 1

1. prior to pregnancy
2. during pregnancy
3. after pregnancy

Question 2

At no stage of life is nutrition most crucial. When?

Answer 2

pregnancy and infancy

Question 3

Adequate nutrition is essential for what from conception through the end of first year of age?

Answer 3

tissue formation, neurologic development, bone growth

Question 4

Healthy development of the placenta depends on what?

Answer 4

adequate pre-pregnancy nutrition

Question 5

What are the support tissues for the baby?

Answer 5

1. uterus
2. placenta
3. umbilical cord
4. amniotic sac

Question 6

What is the first event of pregnancy?

Answer 6

fertilization and cell division

fertilized ovum (zygote)

• single cell that divides rapidly to become a blastocyst

Question 7

What is the second event of pregnancy?

Answer 7

Implantation (during the first week)

• blastocysts embeds in the uterine wall
• placenta development begins
• crucial time for development

Question 8

What happens at the first 6 weeks of pregnancy?

Answer 8

rapid physical changes of the embryo

Question 9

What happens at 8 weeks?

Answer 9

• complete nervous and digestive symptoms
• well-defined fingers and toes
• facial features begin

Question 10

What happens at the last 7 months

Answer 10

• cell division and development of organs
• 39-42 weeks for full gestation

Question 11

What is the average birth weight?

Answer 11

6.8-7.9 pounds

Question 12

When is the zygote development?

Answer 12

0-2 weeks

Question 13

When is the embryo development?

Answer 13

• critical period
• 2-8 weeks

Question 14

When do you see signs of placental formation?

Answer 14

4th week

Question 15

What is embryogenesis?

Answer 15

rapid development stage

Question 16

When is the fetus susceptible to nutrient deficiencies?

Answer 16

first trimester (13-14 weeks)

Question 17

Why is folate crucial for pregnancy?

Answer 17

protein metabolism and DNA synthesis

• 400 µg/day (prior pregnancy)
• 600 µg/day if pregnant

Question 18

Which type is better synthetic folate or dietary?

Answer 18

1.7 times more bioavailable than dietary folate

Question 19

when is taking folate the most crucial?

Answer 19

first 28 days after conception

Question 20

What happens when folate deficiency?

Answer 20

spina bifida

Question 21

Epigenetics

Answer 21

genes can be turned on or off

Question 22

what is the carb intake for pregnant women?

Answer 22

175 g per day

Question 23

What is the primary metabolic fuel of the developing fetus?

Answer 23

Glucose

Question 24

When is the amount of protein needed for pregnant women?

Answer 24

25 grams per day higher
than for non-pregnant women

Question 25

What is a good source of lipids for pregnant women ?

Answer 25

oily fish consumption (sardines) - low mercury fish

Question 26

Folate intake should increase by what during pregnancy?

Answer 26

50%

Question 27

What percentage of Vitamin B12 should be increased when pregnant?

Answer 27

8% - regenerate the active form or folate - meat, dairy, eggs

Question 28

fetal demand for iron increases further when?

Answer 28

last trimester

Question 29

Vitamin C protect from what?

Answer 29

free-radicals that are looking for damage - citrus fruits, broccoli, kiwi

Question 30

Lack of Vitamin A can cause what?

Answer 30

risk of cleft lip, heart defects, and abnormalities in the central nervous system

Question 31

Vitamin D is important for what when pregnant?

Answer 31

calcium homeostasis ( bone develoment)

Question 32

Lack of Vitamin D when pregnant can cause what?

Answer 32

preeclampsia, increase diabetes, asthma

Question 33

What is preeclampsia?

Answer 33

pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, often the kidneys. If left untreated, it can progress to eclampsia, a condition characterized by seizures and kidney failure and, if untreated, fetal and/or maternal death