Energy Metabolism

Question 1

What is bioenergetics?

Answer 1

The study of energy metabolism, critical in animal nutrition

Question 2

What is the definition of energy?

Answer 2

Capability to do work
Force x distance

Question 3

What are calories?

Answer 3

The amount of heat required to increase temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree

Question 4

How many calories are in 1 kcal?

Answer 4

1000 cal

Question 5

What is a joule?

Answer 5

A standard unit for energy
Required to displace 1 newton per meter

Question 6

How many joules are in 1 calorie?

Answer 6

4.184J

Question 7

How much energy is in 1 watt?

Answer 7

1 J/sec

Question 8

How many watts are in horsepower?

Answer 8

746 J/sec

Question 9

True or false? A 55lb shepherd has the same amount of energy as a light bulb with 75 J/sec

Answer 9

True

Question 10

True or false? A lactating cow has the same amount of energy as a light bulb with 20,100 J/sec

Answer 10

True

Question 11

List out the steps to energy flow.

Answer 11

1. Gross energy
2. Fecal energy
3. Digestible energy
4. Gaseous and urinary energy
5. Metabolizable energy
6. Heat increment
7. Net energy

Question 12

What is gross energy (GE)?

Answer 12

The total amount of energy consumed or amount of heat that is liberated when a feed sample is completely burned into carbon dioxide and water
Measured by bomb calorimeter

Question 13

What is digestible energy (DE)?

Answer 13

The amount of energy disgusted and potentially available for utilization
Some is never touched for processes and excreted in urine
DE = GE - FE

Question 14

How was early studies on fecal energy conducted?

Answer 14

By keeping livestock in one area for a certain amount of time, collect all fecal samples and compare

Question 15

What is metabolizable energy (ME)?

Answer 15

Energy used for metabolism
ME = DE - UE - GE

Question 16

What is net energy (NE)?

Answer 16

It respects the fraction of total energy consumed that is utilized for maintenance
NE = ME -HI

Question 17

What is heat increment (HI)?

Answer 17

The heat loss from eating - heat loss from fasting

Question 18

What is energy maintenance?

Answer 18

The energy required to maintain constant body weight

Question 19

What if energy maintenance has a positive balance?

Answer 19

Body has more energy than needed and leads to weight gain

Question 20

What is energy maintenance has a negative balance?

Answer 20

The body has less energy than needed and leads to weight loss

Question 21

What can energy imbalance lead to?

Answer 21

Weight gain/loss, reduced fertility, decreased productivity, compromised immune system, behavioral changes, increased mortality

Question 22

What are some management strategies for energy imbalances?

Answer 22

Optimize feed intake, give energy dense feeds, BCS, proper feed management, transition period management, early detection and treatment

Question 23

What are some disorders associated with energy imbalances?

Answer 23

Obesity, fatty liver disease, ketosis, pregnancy toxemia, equine metabolic syndrome

Question 24

What is obesity?

Answer 24

Excess energy intake/extreme positive intake

Question 25

What is equine metabolic syndrome?

Answer 25

An insulin dysfunction that causes regional fat disposition and reduced ability to lose weight

Question 26

Which animals most commonly get equine metabolic syndrome?

Answer 26

Ponies, donkeys, Arabians, and mustangs These animals live in arid and dry areas with without much pasture and so develop a certain metabolic maintenance, without these regular means they go into overdrive in brans

Question 27

How can equine metabolic syndrome be treated?

Answer 27

Diet and exercise

Question 28

What is fatty liver disease?

Answer 28

Energy demands exceed intake

Question 29

What is a symptom of fatty liver disease?

Answer 29

Excessive NEFA accumulation in liver

Question 30

When does fatty liver disease occur most?

Answer 30

During the transition period between calving and a few weeks after The stress of delivery causes a loss of appetite for a few days however milk production needs energy so it takes it from the liver

Question 31

What is ketosis?

Answer 31

The mobilization of large amounts of fat due to a lack of glucose and the build up of ketone bodies

Question 32

What is pregnancy toxemia?

Answer 32

Low blood sugar triggered by stress Most prevalent in ewes and does