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UK GCSE Physics > Energy (P1) > Flashcards

Energy (P1) Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 8 energy stores?

A 
Thermal 
Kinetic
Gravitational Potential
Elastic Potential
Chemical
Magnetic
Electrostatic
Nuclear
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2
Q

What are the 4 ways of transferring energy?

A 
Mechanically (by a force doing work)
Electrically (work done by moving charges)
By Heating (light)
By Radiation (sound)
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3
Q

For a gas, what is the internal energy store?

A

The same as a thermal store

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4
Q

What is a system?

A

The object(s) that you’re intrested in

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5
Q

What happens when a system changes?

A

Energy is transferred

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6
Q

Where is energy in a system transferred?

A

Into the system
Away from the system
Between different objects
Between different energy stores

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7
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A system wherer neither matter nor energy can leave

Net change in the total energy of a closed system is always 0

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8
Q

What are the two ways of transferring energy within a system?

A

Heating

Work Done

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9
Q

Boiling water in a kettle is an example of energy transfer by…?

A

Heating

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10
Q

What happens to energy as an object speeds up?

A

Energy is transferred to its kinetic energy store

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11
Q

What happens to energy as an object slows down?

A

Energy is transferred away from its kinetic energy store

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12
Q

What is the equation for Kinetic Energy?

A 
E = 1/2mv²
(J) = 1/2 x (kg) x (m/s)² 
Energy = 1/2 x mass x velocity²
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13
Q

What happens to g.p.e as an object is lifted higher?

A

More energy is transferred to the store

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14
Q

What effects gravitational potential energy (g.p.e)?

A

Mass, height and gravitational field strength

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15
Q

What is the equation for Gravitational Potential Energy?

A 
E = mgh
(J) = (kg) x (N/kg) x (m)
Energy = Mass x Gravitational Field Strength x Height
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16
Q

What happens to the energy stores when an object falls?

A

The energy is transferred from the gravitaional potential store to the kinetic store

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17
Q

What happens to the energy stores when an object is stretched or squashed?

A

Energy is transferred to its Elastic Potential Energy Store

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18
Q

What is the exception for elastic potential energy?

A

When the limit of proportionality is exceeded

disfiguring the object permanently

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19
Q

What is the equation for Elastic Potential Energy?

A 
E = 1/2ke²
(J) = 1/2 x (N/m/) x (m)²
Energy = 1/2 x spring constant x extension ²
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20
Q

What is Specific Heat Capacity?

A

The amount of energy needed to warm 1kg of a substances by 1°C

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21
Q

What equation links specific heat capactity and energy transferred?

A

∆E = mc∆θ
(J) = (kg) x (J/kg°C) x (°C)
ENergy transferred = Mass x Specific Heat Capacity x Change in temperature

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22
Q

How do we investigate Specific Heat Capacity (using a solid)?

A

Take a block of material with two holes
Measure the mass of the block
Wrap the block in insulation
Place a thermometer and a heater into the block
Hook up to a power supply and measure the initial temperature
Have the potential difference set to 10V
Power on and start a stopwatch
Measure temperature and current every 10 minutes (current should not change)
Use these measurments to calculate Specific Heat Capacity

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23
Q

How do I work out Specific Heat Capacity during an investigation into it?
Think about which units you have

A

You set potential difference at the start
You took measurments for current
You took measurments for tempreature
You took measurments for mass
You timed the process
Use pd and current to calculate power (P=IV)
Use power and time to calculate energy transferred (E=Pt)
Calculate the change in temperature
Use the equation ∆E = mc∆θ

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24
Q

What is the principle of conservation of energy?

A

Energy can be transferred usefully, stores or dissipated but can NEVER be created or destroyed

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25
Define Power
Rate of energy transfer | Rate of doing work
26
What is Power measured in?
Watts
27
What are Watts equivilent to?
1W = 1J of energy transferred /second
28
How do we calculate power?
``` P= E/t Power = Energy (or work done) / time (W) = (J) / (s) ```
29
What does it mean if a machine is powerful?
One that can transfer a lot of energy in a short period of time.
30
Define Conduction
The process where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles
31
Define Convection
When energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions (liquids and gasses)
32
How does conduction work?
As the particles have a lot of thermal energy it is shared into the kinetic store causing the particles to vibrate and collide more, transferring energy
33
Thermal conductivity is the...
...measure of how quickly energy is transferred through a material via conduction
34
In which states of matter can convection occur?
Gas and Liquid states
35
Why does convection not work with solids?
The particles aren't free to move
36
How does convection work?
As the substance warms it rises straight up The further from the heat source the cooler and thus it begins to fall However there is a strong currrent upwards that forces the cooling particles to a side before allowing them to fall This creates a circular current
37
Why do we lubricate (in terms of energy use)?
When things move they cause friction and energy is lost as thermal, lubricating mitigates this
38
What are the main ways homes prevent energy losses through heating?
Thick walls Walls made from materials with low thermal conductivoty Thermal insulation
39
What are the different forms of thermal insulation in a house?
Cavity Walls Loft Insulation Draught excluders Double-glazed windows
40
How do air gaps (such as with cavity walls and double glazed windows) prevent loss of thermal energy?
Reduces the amount of energy lost though conduction as convection (transfer of heat as a gas) must occur between the two windows/ walls and this is slower than conduction
41
How do we investigate the effectivness of thermal insulators?
Heat water and pour into a sealable container with different materials around it Seal for 5 minutes and measure the temperature change for different materials
42
Define Kinetic energy
Energy stored in moving objects
43
How much kinetic energy is there in a stationary object?
None
44
Define Elastic Potential Energy
The energy stored after we have put energy in to stretch a spring
45
What is an extension?
How much longer the spring is due to a force being applied
46
Until the limit of proportionality, the force applied to a spring and the extension have what relationship?
Directly Proportional
47
What is the limit of proportionality?
A point after which a spring will not return back to its original shape even if the force is taken off.
48
Define Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its position above the Earth's surface
49
What causes Gravitational Potential Energy?
Gravity | the force between us and the Earth
50
What is the energy store at the top of a pendulums movement?
Gravitational Potential Energy
51
What is the energy store as the pendulum moves?
Kinetic Energy
52
What is the problem with using a pendulum as an example of a closed system?
There is friction between the air and pendulum | There is friction at the fixed point
53
What does friction cause?
Energy to be transferred to thermal energy stores which are dissipated
54
How can we reduce unwanted energy transfers in the pendulum model?
Reduce Friction - Use lubricant oil at the fixed point - Remove air particles from around the pendulum
55
Define Work Done
Work is done whenever energy is transferred from one store to another
56
What are the two types of Work Done?
Mechanical work | Electrical work
57
How do we calculate Work Done?
Work Done (J) = Force (N) x Distance (m)
58
Define Power
Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or the rate at which work is done
59
What are the 2 equations for power?
Power (W) = Energy transferred (J) / Time (s) | Power (W) = Work Done (J) / Time (s)
60
1 watt is an energy transfer of....
...1 joule per second
61
Define Efficiency
What fraction of the energy we put into an appliance is tranfered to useful energy
62
What are the two efficiency equations?
``` Efficiency = Useful output energy transfer / Total input energy transfer Efficiency = Useful power output / Total power input ```
63
What two factors effect the cooling of a building?
Thermal Conductivity | Thick Walls
64
What happens as thermal conductivity increases?
Rate of energy transfer by conduction across the material increases
65
What do builders pack into wall cavities and why?
Insulating Material with low thermal conductivity to lower energy loss
66
Why does double glazing help lower thermal conductivity?
Energy transfer via convection is less efficient than energy transfer by conduction.
67
How can we lower thermal conductivity in a house?
Loft Insulation Insulation in wall cavity Double glazing
68
When investigating Specific Heat Capacity, why is it important to wrap the beaker in insulation?
To lower thermal energy loss to the surroundings
69
What readings do we need when investigating Specific Heat Capacity?
Joules (joulemeter) Initial temperature Final temperature Mass
70
What are the sources of inaccuracy when investigating specific heat capacity?
Thermal energy passes out into the air Not all thermal energy transferred to the material Incorrect reading of thermometer
71
How can we lower the thermal energy passing out into the air when investigating specific heat capacity?
Insulation
72
How can we prevent not all thermal energy transferred to the material when investigating specific heat capacity?
Ensure the immersion heater is fully submerged
73
How can we prevent incorrect reading of a thermometer when investigating specific heat capacity?
Use a digital thermometer
74
How do we investigate thermal insulators?
Place a small beaker in a larger one Boil some water and transfer 80cm^3 into the small beaker Put a cardboard lid with a hole for a thermometer over the large beaker Record the starting temperature and start a stop watch, record the temperature every 3 minutes for 15 minutes Repeat using the same masses of different materials
75
What is the independent variable when investigating the effect of different insulators?
The insulator used
76
Define independent variable
The variable we change
77
Define dependent variable
The variable that is measured for each change in the independent variable
78
What is the dependent variable when investigating the effect of different insulators?
Temperature
79
Define Control Variable
Variables that are not changed throughout the experiment
80
What is the control variables when investigating the effect of different insulators?
Starting temperature | Mass of water
81
How do we investigate how the thickness of a material affects thermal insulation?
Start with a beaker of 80cm^3 of boiling water, with a cardboard lid Take temperature readings every 3 minutes for 15 minutes Repeat with 2 layers of newspaper around the beaker and then again with 4 layers and 6 layers
82
What are the three main uses for energy?
Transport Generating electricity Heating
83
What are the three main fossil fuels?
Coal Oil Gas
84
What are the advantages of fossil fuels?
``` Reliable (energy is there when we need it) Release a lot of energy Abundant Cheap Versatile (can be used for many things) Portable ```
85
What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?
Release Carbon Dioxide (contributes to climate change) Non-renewable (will eventually run out) Release other pollutants (often dangerous)
86
Why is nuclear power non-renewable?
Runs of uranium and plutonium
87
What are the advantages of nuclear power?
Does not produce carbon dioxide | Extremely reliable
88
What are the disadvantages of nuclear power?
``` Highly radioactive (dangerous if exposed) Decommissioning (at the end of the plants life) them is very long and expensive Radioactive waste has to be stored for thousands of years before it is safe ```
89
Why did the UK use almost only coal until the 1950s?
Abundant reserves
90
Why did were we producing as much electricity from burning gas as from coal by 2000?
Abundant supplies of coal | Also had supplies of gas in the North Sea
91
Why may gas be chosen over oil?
Releases less CO2 | More flexible
92
What does it mean of a power source is flexible?
It can be switched on quickly during periods of high demand
93
What percentage of our electricity comes from wind?
11%
94
What is the largest disadvantage of renewables?
Non reliable
95
Why is nuclear power a good baseload?
The stations are difficult to power up or down
96
What is a baseload?
Constant supply of electricity that is on all the time
97
Why will we need a baseload if we use more renewable enrergy?
It is not very reliable
98
What may be needed so that we can use more renewable energy?
Nuclear baseload | Gas fired power stations to provide emergency power at peak demand
99
Define Renewable Energy Resources
A renewable energy resource is one that is being (or can be) replenished as it is used
100
Name some Renewable energy resources
``` Solar - more common Wind - more common Hydroelectric - more common Tidal Biofuel Geothermal Wave ```
101
What are the two main advantages of renewables?
Never run out | Once in place they will not contribute to climate change
102
Why are wind and solar power low in reliability?
Depend on changing weather conditions
103
What is the disadvantage of hydroelectric power?
Needs abundant rivers | Damages habitats
104
What is the disadvantage of tidal power?
Harmful to wildlife | Very small scale and experimental
105
What is the disadvantage of biofuels?
They still release CO2 into the atmosphere, however as they come from plants they are technically carbon neutral May increase crop prices due to need for land

UK GCSE Physics (7 decks)

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