Energy Systems

Question 1

What is the structure of ATP?

Answer 1

1 Adenosine
3 Phosphate molecules

Question 2

How is ATP broken down?

Answer 2

ATPase breaks the high energy bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate - releases energy

Question 3

What does resynthesising ATP mean?

Answer 3

ADP + Pi are joined to make ATP

Question 4

What happens in the ATP-PC system?

Answer 4

A phosphocreatine is broken down by creatine kinase into creatine and an inorganic phosphate
Energy is released
The energy is then used to bind ADP and the inorganic phosphate along with ATPase to resynthesise ADP

Question 5

What is the energy yield of the ATP-PC system?

Answer 5

1:1

Question 6

What is the time zone for the ATP-PC system?

Answer 6

Up to 10 seconds

Question 7

What type of sports do we use the ATP-PC system for?

Answer 7

Fast and high intensity sports e.g sprinting

Question 8

What are some advantages of the ATP-PC system?

Answer 8

No by product (of lactic acid) is produced
Immediate energy release
PC stores recover quickly
ATP resynthesised quickly

Question 9

What are some disadvantages of the ATP-PC system?

Answer 9

Stores of phosphocreatine are limited
ATP-PC will provide energy for only 8-10 seconds
Energy yield = 1 ATP - 1:1
It can only replenish itself when oxygen is present

Question 10

Where does the anaerobic glycolytic system take place?

Answer 10

In the sarcoplasm

Question 11

What is the energy yield for the anaerobic glycolytic system?

Answer 11

Makes enough energy to resynthesise 2 ATP

Question 12

What is the first step of the anaerobic glycolytic system?

Answer 12

Glycogen is broken down into glucose by glycogen phosphorylase

Question 13

What is the second stage of the anaerobic glycolytic system?

Answer 13

Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid by phosphofructokinase

Question 14

What happens in the final stage of the anaerobic glycolytic system?

Answer 14

Pyruvic acid is broken down into lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase
Enough energy to resynthesise two molecules of ATP is released

Question 15

What are some advantages of the anaerobic glycolytic system?

Answer 15

Lasts up to 3 minutes
ATP can be resynthesised quickly

Question 16

What are some disadvantages of the anaerobic glycolytic system?

Answer 16

Lactic acid (denatures enzymes) causes fatigue
Only a small amount of energy is released

Question 17

What are the 3 stages of the aerobic system?

Answer 17

Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain

Question 18

What is the process of glycolysis?

Answer 18

Glycogen➡️Glucose➡️Pyruvic acid

Question 19

How much energy does glycolysis produce?

Answer 19

2 ATP

Question 20

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 20

In the sarcoplasm

Question 21

What happens in the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 21

Pyruvic acid (produced during glycolysis) enters the mitochondria and is oxidised into Acetyl Co-A
Acetyl Co-A combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid
Citric acid undergoes oxidative carboxylation (hydrogen and carbon dioxide are given off)

Question 22

How much energy does the Krebs cycle produce?

Answer 22

2 ATP

Question 23

What happens in the electron transport chain?

Answer 23

The hydrogen from the Krebs cycle passes into the inner membranes of the mitochondria where it splits into hydrogen ions and electrons
The electrons undergo a series of redox reactions which release a large amount of energy

Question 24

What happens to the hydrogen ions in the electron transport chain?

Answer 24

The hydrogen ions are oxidised and water is produced

Question 25

How much energy does the electron transport chain produce?

Answer 25

34 ATP

Question 26

What is beta oxidation?

Answer 26

The breakdown of fats to generate energy

Question 27

What fat store is used in beta oxidation?

Answer 27

Triglycerides

Question 28

What is the process of beta oxidation?

Answer 28

Stored fat is broken down into fatty acids before being converted into Acetyl Co-A

Question 29

What are some advantages of beta oxidation?

Answer 29

1 molecule of glucose can produce 36-38 ATP - high energy yield Large stores stores of glycogen and triglycerides so exercise can last for a long time No fatiguing as there are no by-products

Question 30

What are some disadvantages of beta oxidation?

Answer 30

Can only be used during sub maximal activities - e.g long distance activities Energy production is slow Fatty acid transportation in muscles is low Fatty acids require 15% more oxygen to be broken down

Question 31

What does VO2 mean?

Answer 31

The volume of oxygen consumed by the body per minute

Question 32

What does VO2 max mean?

Answer 32

The maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute

Question 33

What is sub maximal oxygen deficit?

Answer 33

The difference between the oxygen required by the muscles and the oxygen actually consumed during the initial stages of submaximal exercise

Question 34

What is maximal oxygen deficit?

Question 35

What is EPOC?

Answer 35

Increased rate of oxygen consumption following activity, with the intent of paying back oxygen debt

Question 36

What are the 3 features of the fast component of EPOC.

Answer 36

Replenishment of PC stores Resynthesis of ATP Re-saturation of myoglobin in the muscles

Question 37

What are the 3 features of the slow component of EPOC?

Answer 37

Removal of lactic acid Maintenance of breathing and heart rate Increase in body temperature