Respiratory System

Question 1

Which area does air move between?

Answer 1

An area of high pressure to and area of low pressure

Question 2

How does pressure difference affect diffusion?

Answer 2

The greater the pressure difference, the faster air will flow so the faster the rate of diffusion

Question 3

What will happen when the volume of the thoracic cavity is increased?

Answer 3

The pressure in the lungs will decrease

Question 4

What will happen when the volume of the thoracic cavity is decreased?

Answer 4

The pressure in the lungs will increase

Question 5

What is tidal volume?

Answer 5

The volume of air breathed in or out per breath

Question 6

How does tidal volume change during exercise?

Answer 6

Increases

Question 7

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 7

The volume of air which could be forcibly inspired in addition to tidal volume

Question 8

How does IRV change during exercise?

Answer 8

Decreases

Question 9

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 9

The volume of air which could be forcibly expired in addition to tidal volume

Question 10

How does ERV change during exercise?

Answer 10

Decreases

Question 11

What is residual volume?

Answer 11

The volume of air which must remain in the lungs after maximal expiration

Question 12

How does residual volume change during exercise?

Answer 12

It remains the same

Question 13

What is minute ventilation?

Answer 13

The volume of air inspired or expired per minute - breathing rate x tidal volume

Question 14

How does minute ventilation change during exercise?

Answer 14

Increases

Question 15

What is vital capacity?

Answer 15

The maximum amount of air that can be breathed out after breathing in as much air as possible - total capacity - reserve volume

Question 16

How does vital capacity change during exercise?

Answer 16

Decreases

Question 17

What is the pathway of air?

Answer 17

Nose/mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lung
Right bronchus
Left bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveoli
Diaphragm

Question 18

What are the muscles used in inspiration during rest?

Answer 18

Diaphragm
External intercostals

Question 19

What are the muscles used in inspiration during exercise?

Answer 19

Diaphragm
Scalenes
External intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoral is major/minor

Question 20

What are the muscles used in expiration at rest?

Answer 20

Diaphragm
External intercostals

Question 21

What are the muscles used in expiration during exercise?

Answer 21

Internal intercostals
Abdominals

Question 22

What are some reasons for effective gas exchange?

Answer 22

Large diffusion gradients - these increase during exercise
Capillary membrane is one cell thick so diffusion distance is short
Narrow capillaries - increasing the opportunity for gas exchange to occur
Large network of capillaries - increasing the opportunity for gas exchange to occur
Myoglobin - higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin so promotes oxygen dissociation

Question 23

What does a greater partial pressure lead to?

Answer 23

Greater rate of diffusion

Question 24

How does oxygen gases exchange occur in the alveoli?

Answer 24

Partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the capillary so oxygen diffuses out into the capillary

Question 25

How does carbon dioxide gaseous exchange occur at the alveoli?

Answer 25

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greater in the capillaries than in the alveoli so carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli

Question 26

How does oxygen gaseous exchange occur at the muscles?

Answer 26

The partial pressure of oxygen in the capillary is greater than in the muscle cell so oxygen diffuses into the muscle cell

Question 27

How does carbon dioxide gaseous exchange occur at the muscles?

Answer 27

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the muscle cell is greater than in the capillaries so carbon dioxide diffuses out into the capillaries

Question 28

What are the 3 factors that regulate pulmonary ventilation (breathing)?

Answer 28

Neural control Chemical control Hormonal control

Question 29

Where is pulmonary ventilation controlled?

Answer 29

Respiratory Control Centre (RCC) - in the medulla oblangata Contains the ICC and ECC

Question 30

What hormone controls the hormonal regulation of PV during exercise?

Answer 30

Adrenaline

Question 31

How does adrenaline play a role in the hormonal regulation of PV during exercise?

Answer 31

Adrenaline is pumped into the blood after being made in the adrenal glands The adrenaline causes breathing rate to increase in preparation for exercise to take in more oxygen and remove more carbon dioxide

Question 32

What is used in the chemical regulation of PV?

Answer 32

Chemoreceptors

Question 33

What do chemoreceptors detect?

Answer 33

An increase in blood acidity

Question 34

Why does blood acidity increase during exercise?

Answer 34

Due to an increase in carbonic acid (dissolved CO2 in blood) concentration and lactic acid production

Question 35

Where are chemoreceptors found?

Answer 35

Carotid artery Aortic arch

Question 36

How do chemoreceptors react to an increase in blood acidity?

Answer 36

They send impulses to the ICC to increase ventilation until blood acidity has returned to normal This is done by - RCC sends impulses down the phrenic nerve to stimulate more inspiratory muscles (sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalenes) to increase depth and rate of breathing

Question 37

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems play a role in PV?

Answer 37

Sympathetic - will prepare body for exercise so will increase breathing rate Parasympathetic - lower breathing rate

Question 38

What is the role of baroreceptors during exercise?

Answer 38

Detect a change in blood pressure before sending information to the RCC to increase breathing rate during exercise

Question 39

What is the role of proprioreceptors during exercise?

Answer 39

Detect an increase in muscle movement and provide feedback to the RCC to increase breathing rate during

Question 40

What is the order for neural/chemical control for increased inspiration during exercise?

Answer 40

Receptors ➡️ medulla oblangata ➡️ phrenic nerve ➡️ inspiratory muscles

Question 41

What is the order for neural/chemical control of expiration during exercise?

Answer 41

Receptors ➡️ medulla oblangata ➡️ intercostal nerve ➡️ expiratory muscles

Question 42

How does smoking affect oxygen transport?

Answer 42

Carbon monoxide from cigarettes combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells much more readily than oxygen (higher affinity) - reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Question 43

What are some damaging impacts of smoking?

Answer 43

Irritation to the trachea and bronchi Reduces lung function and increases breathlessness by swelling and narrowing of the lung’s airways Damages cilia (causes a mucus build up) Damages alveoli Can cause COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) due to a reduction in the efficiency of gas exchange