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Science > Energy, waves, space 2024 Term 2 > Flashcards

Energy, waves, space 2024 Term 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

energy

A

the strength and vitality required to keep active

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2
Q

radiation

A

energy sent out as electro magnetic waves or subatomic particles

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3
Q

convection

A

transference of mass or heat within a fluid

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4
Q

waves

A

waves transport energy through a medium by moving the energy

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5
Q

photosynthesis

A

plants convert light into chemical energy in the form of sugar

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6
Q

solar panels

A

photovoltaic cells in the panels convert light to electric energy

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7
Q

vision

A

special cells in the retina inside the eye convert light into small electric impulses

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8
Q

microphones

A

sound energy converted into electrical energy. Amplifiers then channel this electrical signal to loud speakers which convert the electrical energy back to sound origin

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9
Q

name every particle model rule

A
  1. all matter is made up of particles 2. particles are attracted to each other 3. particles are always moving on the spot or around 4. as the temperature increases, particles move faster/quickly
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10
Q

energy transfer

A

thermal (heat) energy can be transferred from one location to another in three ways

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11
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of moving matter. object with a higher temperature have faster moving particles. these particles have higher kinetic energy

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12
Q

thermal energy

A

the internal energy present in an object due to its temperature. thermal energy of an object or system relates to the total kinetic energy of its particles

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13
Q

name the three ways thermal energy can be transferred

A

conduction, convection and radiation

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14
Q

conduction

A

the transfer of heat through solids

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15
Q

convection

A

the transfer of heat through liquid or gas movement

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16
Q

radiation

A

transfer of energy without the presence of particles. Any object with thermal energy radiates heat, and you do not need to be in contact with the object to feel this thermal radiation.

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17
Q

give one example of conduction

A

occurring mainly in solids, it is why the handle of a metal spoon soon gets hot when the spoon is put into a hot drink.

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18
Q

what is a substance that allows thermal energy to move easily through them?

A

conductor

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19
Q

what is a good conductor?

A

metal

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20
Q

what is a substance that doesn’t allow thermal energy to move easily through them?

A

insulators.

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21
Q

what is a good insulator?

A

air and plastic

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22
Q

explain how conduction works

A

heat flows through the particles of a solid, the particles become hot and vibrate, they bump into the particles next to them which warm them up and so on.

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23
Q

why is conduction slower in a liquid than a solid? and even worse through a gas?

A

because the particles in a liquid are further apart, so there are fewer collisions. with a gas, the particles are super far apart.

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24
Q

in what form does ‘heat radiation’ move around?

A

electromagnetic waves

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25
at what speed do electromagnetic waves move?
300,000km/h
26
what is the alternative name for heat radiation?
infared
27
name the three properties of a wave
amplitude, frequency and wavelength
28
what is a longitudinal wave?
they vibrate in the same direction that they move. a mechanical wave.
29
give examples of longitudinal waves
sound waves, tsunamis and earthquakes
30
what are the two parts of longitudinal waves
compressions and rarefactions
31
what is a compression (in terms of waves)
where the particles are bunched up
32
what is a rarefaction
where the particles are stretched apart
33
what is a wavelength in a longitudinal wave?
the distance from one compression to the next
34
why do sound waves travel better through water than air?
when sound waves travel through a medium, they make the particles of the material vibrate in the direction of the wave. The denser the material, the faster the sound travels. This is why sound travels better through water.
35
what is a transverse wave?
they travel at right angles to their direction of motion. they vibrate up and down. they don't need a medium to go through.
36
give examples of transverse waves
the strings in musical instruments, ocean waves and light.
37
what is a wavelength in terms of transverse waves
between two dips
38
what is a cycle
one complete vibration or periodic movement of a particle through the crest and trough and back to its starting position
39
frequency
the number of waves per second
40
hertz
a unit for measuring the number of cycles that happen every second.
41
galaxy
a massive group of stars, gas, dust and other matter bound together by forces of gravity
42
when did we first discover galaxies beyond ours and by who?
Edward Hubble in 1924
43
what are the three types of galaxies by shape?
spiral, irregular and eliptical
44
what is spiral galaxy
a flat disk usually in a wonky swirly circle
45
what is irregular galaxy
weirdly shaped galaxy
46
what is elliptical galaxy
a perfectly round smooth
47
what is a lightyear
a lightyear is the distance light travels in one Earth year. 1 lightyear is about 9.46 trillion km
48
what is the difference between the geocentric model and the heliocentric model?
the geocentric model is the idea that the earth is the centre of our solar system (outdated) the heliocentric model is the idea that the sun is the centre of our solar system.
49
what is the life cycle of a star? (average)
molecular cloud forms into an average star, which turns into a red giant, then runs out of fuel and turns into a planetary nebula (the outer core drifting off) then into a white dwarf which is when the core of the planetary nebula explodes.
50
what is the life cycle of a star? (massive)
a molecular cloud turns collapses under its own gravity and turns into a massive star, then to a red supergiant. Then once the red super giant collapses, it turns into a supernova, which is a giant explosion. Depending on how big this star was, it can either turn into a neuron star (a roughly 30km size remnant) or a black hole.
51
what are the three classes of parasites
protozoa (unicellular live inside host), helminths (multicellular live inside host), ectoparasites (lice ticks mites live on host surface)
52
what does abiotic mean
non living
53
what does biotic mean
living
54
ecosystem
a community of living things and their environment. HABITAT + COMMUNITY = ECOSYSTEM
55
consumer
an organism that gets its energy from eating another organism
56
producer
an organism that makes its own food (plants)
57
explain and give some examples of biotic factors
living cells or organisms, wild animal, plants and trees, fungi, moss, bacteria
58
explain and give some examples of abiotic factors
non living factors in an environment. they are not living, do not respond to their environment and do not have any conciousness. wind, oxygen, temperature, water, sunlight and rocks.
59
habitat
the area and resources used by a particular species of animal and plants together with their abiotic environment
60
community
consists of populations of different species living in a particular area at a given time
61
population
members of one species living in a particular area at a given time
62
what is the formular for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water (arrow light/chlorophyll) glucose + oxygen. CO2 H2O C6H12O6 O2
63
productivity of an ecosystem
is the rate of generation of biomes in an ecosystem
64
tell me the order of food chains
producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumers.
65
tropic level
the position an organism occupies in a food chain
66
apex predator
the highest level consumer in a food chain
67
autotroph
also known as a producer, an organism capable of making its own food
68
hetrotroph
also known as a consumer, an organism that must consume plants or animals as a source of energy
69
what is the formula for cellular respiration
C6 H12 O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O
70
what is cellular respiration
an energy releasing process in which glucose reacts with oxygen and releases energy
71
eutrophication
when a body of water becomes too enriched with nutrients, causing an excessive growth of algae that may result in oxygen depletion of the water
72
mutualism
the interaction is beneficial to both species
73
give an example of mutualism
a cassowary eating the fruit plants and distributing the seeds in its dung
74
commensalism
one species benefits but the other is unaffected
75
give an example of commensalism
a staghorn fern growing on the branch of a tree
76
competition
both species are negatively affected because they compete for the same resource
77
give an example of competition
sugar gliders competing with superb parrots for nesting hollows
78
predator-prey
the predator benefits and the prey is harmed/killed
79
give an example of predator-prey
a bronze whaler shark eating sardines
80
parasitism
the parasite benefits and the host is harmed
81
give an example of parasitism
mistletoe taking nutrients from a host tree
82
what is n
nitrogen
83
what is the nitrogen cycle
a repeating process in which nitrogen moves through living and non living things
84
how much percent of air does atmospheric nitrogen make up
78%
85
why are plants important for the nitrogen cycle
they suck up nitrogen through their roots
86
why is nitrogen so important for living things
to build proteins and other important body chemicals
87
wavelength
the distance over where the same wave repeats. or the distance between each crest or trough
88
amplitude
a measurement of the amount of energy transferred through a wave
89
whats the saying to remember where x and y is
y in the sky, x marks the spot
90
where is the dependent variable
y
91
where is the independent variable
x

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