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IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY > ENHANCEMENT CLASS: ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES INTERACTIONS > Flashcards

ENHANCEMENT CLASS: ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES INTERACTIONS Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Study of fluid component of blood

A

SEROLOGY

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2
Q

What body fluid usually used in Serology?

A

SERUM

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3
Q

Can other body fluids can be tested? Yes or No

A

Yes

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4
Q

What tube usually used in Serology?

A

Red Top/Gold Top Sterile Tube

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5
Q

What tube usually used in Serology?

A

Red Top/Gold Top Sterile Tube

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6
Q

Spin to separate serum from cellular components

A

SEROLOGY

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7
Q

In practice, the term _____ usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum

A

SEROLOGY

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8
Q

Substances that have the ability to bind with an antibody, but may or may not evoke an immune response

A

ANTIGEN

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9
Q

antigens capable of inducing an immune response, such as formation of antibody or sensitized T-cells.

Contain structure recognized as foreign by the immune system

A

IMMUNOGENS

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10
Q

All immunogens are antigens. But, not all antigens are immunogens. T OR F?

A

TRUE

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11
Q

Specific portion of macromolecular antigen to which an antibody bind

A

EPITOPE (Antigenic determinant)

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12
Q
  • Part of an antibody which recognizes and binds to an antigen
  • The uniqueness of a paratope allows it to bind to only one epitope
A

PARATOPE (Antigen-binding site)

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13
Q

Not all surfaces act as antigenic determinants. T OR F?

A

TRUE

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14
Q

antigEn-Epitope (EE)

antibOdy-Paratope (OP)

A

GETS?????

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15
Q
  • Formerly known as “gamma globulins”
  • Located w/in gamma through beta region of serum electrophoresis
A

ANTIBODY

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16
Q

Specific glycoproteins referred to as ____

A

immunoglobulins

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17
Q

Specific glycoproteins referred to as ____

A

immunoglobulins

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18
Q

Two forms of antibody:

A

Cell surface (membrane-bound) Secreted Ig’s (antibodies)

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19
Q

Can be found in blood plasma and in many body fluids (tears, saliva, colostrum)

Antiserum (antibody-containing serum)

A

ANTIBODY

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20
Q

Basic structural unit of antibody

A

MONOMER

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21
Q

Basic structural unit of antibody

A

MONOMER

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22
Q

Consist of ___ polypeptide chains (tetrapeptide)

A

4

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23
Q

Consist of four (4) polypeptide chains (tetrapeptide)??

A

1 pair of Heavy chain
1 pair of Light chain

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24
Q

Polypeptude chains are linked together by ____

A

disulfide bonds

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25
Is each pair of polypeptide chains are identical?
Yes
26
what is the Three Globular structure
- 2 Fab (Fragment antigen binding) region - 1 Fc (Fragment crystallizable) region (crystallizes at 4 deg C)
27
is the study of IN-VITRO antigen-antibody reactions
Serology
28
– is a substance (self/non-self) which elicits an immune response
Antigen
29
a specific protein which is produced in response to an immunogen
Antibody
30
Antibody molecules combine _______with antigens to form immune complexes
REVERSIBLY
31
Antigen + Antibody =???
AgAb complex
32
The detection and measurement of these reactions form the basis of immunology and serology
AgAb complex
33
The binding of antigen and antibody depends on:
Affinity Avidity Relative proportions of antigen and antibody present
34
Initial force of attraction that exists between a single Fab site on an antibody molecule and a single epitope on the corresponding antigen - Weak binding
AFFINITY
35
If antibody is specific to antigen
Stable binding (Lock-and-key model)
36
other antigen resembles original antigen
Cross-reactivity
37
Assay is more sensitive (Reactions are visualized easily
High affinity
38
Force that keeps the molecule together
AVIDITY
39
Represents the overall strength of antigen-antibody binding and is the sum of the affinities of all the individual antibody-antigen combining sites
AVIDITY
40
Measure of overall stability of ag-ab complex
AVIDITY
41
The more bonds are form = ???
the higher the avidity
42
What antibody has has highest avidity??
IgM
43
The higher the affinity and avidity, ________
the lesser the tendency of ag-ab complex dissociation
44
- Increased amount of ag-ab complexes - Reactions are visualized more easily
AFFINITY AND AVIDITY
45
RELATIVE PROPORTIONS OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY PRESENT (PRECIPITATION CURVE)
Lattice formation
46
Lattice formation:
Zone of Equivalence
47
Zone of Equivalence was formulated by??
Dr. Philippa Marrack
48
False Negative in Zone of Equivalence:
Excess Antibody Excess Antigen
49
Excess Antibody:
Prozone
50
Excess Antigen:
Post zone
51
One of the simplest methods of detecting antigen antibody reactions
PRECIPITATION
52
Most antigens are multivalent???
YES
53
capable of forming aggregates in the presence of the corresponding antibody
multivalent
54
visible insoluble complexes (precipitate out of the solution)
Soluble antigen + soluble antibody =
55
________is better at precipitation than IgM
IgG
56
In today’s clinical laboratory, precipitation reactions are most commonly measured by ___
automated methods
57
Example of automated methods
Immunoturbidimetry (light blocked) Nephelometry (light scattered)
58
Insoluble antigen (agglutinogen) + soluble antibody (agglutinin) = visible aggregates (clumping)
GETS?
59
2 PHASES OF AGGLUTINATION
Sensitization Lattice Formation
60
antigen-antibody binding through single epitopes on particle; rapid and reversible
Sensitization
61
stabilization of complexes with the binding together of multiple epitopes (formation of cross-links)
Lattice Formation
62
FACTORS INFLUENCING AGGLUTINATION
Nature of antigen Zeta potential
63
enough epitopes should be present, they should not be obscured
Nature of antigen
64
negative charge around cells like RBCs, causing them to repel each other at a distance of 25 nm; due to sialic acid found on surface of RBC
Zeta potential
65
Remedy for factors affecting agglutination:
- Proteolytic enzymes to cleave sialic acid - Potentiators like albumin and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to remove water – decreased ZP - Low ionic strength saline (LISS)
66
IgM > IgG
GETS?
67
IgM size:
35 nm
68
IgG size:
14 nm
69
If antibody is IgG, _____________ can be used
anti-human globulin (AHG) or Coombs reagent
70
IgM temperature:
4 to 27 degrees Celsius
71
IgG temperature:
30 to 37 degrees Celsius
72
Shaking (used for cards or slides), centrifugation (used for tubes)
hastens reaction
73

IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY (3 decks)

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