ENHANCEMENT CLASS: BASICS OF IMMUNITY Flashcards by Chin Lys

The immune system is composed of wide array of:

• Cells
• Soluble molecules (humoral factors)
• Tissues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

That have a role in recognition, interaction, disposal, and regulation during healthy and diseased states.

IMMUNE SYSTEM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Substances that may or may not induce an immune response

ANTIGENS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disease-causing (e.g., pathogens, carcinogens)
Non-disease causing (e.g., food, dust)

ANTIGENS MAY BE FOREIGN

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Host’s own proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

ANTIGENS MAY BE PRESENT IN THE HOST

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is the failure to mount an immune response to an antigen

TOLERANCE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Failure to attack the body’s own proteins and other antigens (a good thing)

SELF-TOLERANCE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Recognize self from non-self and defend against nonself

PRIMARY ROLE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

IMMUNITY is divided into two types:

INNATE Immunity
ADAPTIVE Immunity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Present at birth “NATURAL”

INNATE IMMUNITY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

No prior exposure to pathogen required

INNATE IMMUNITY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Little or no memory of prior exposure

INNATE IMMUNITY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Non-specific

INNATE IMMUNITY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Immediate response

INNATE IMMUNITY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Same response upon re-exposure

INNATE IMMUNITY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Exposure to pathogen required

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Memory of prior exposure

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Specific

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Slow response

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Faster and increased response upon re-exposure

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE MECHANISM

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

SPECIFIC DEFENSE MECHANISM

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

PHYSICAL BARRIERS
CHEMICAL BARRIERS
BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

Cellular: Phagocytic Cells Humoral Factors (Acute Phase Reactants, Complement, Cytokine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

- Lymphocytes - Antibodies

Ability to resist infection by means of normally present body functions

INNATE IMMUNITY

Refers to external and internal defenses that function in the early stages of host defense

INNATE IMMUNITY

Block or limit access to the body (physical barriers) to Initiate activation of immune mechanism (humoral and cellular factors)

INNATE IMMUNITY

Block or limit access to the body (physical barriers) to Initiate activation of immune mechanism (humoral and cellular factors)

INNATE IMMUNITY

SKIN AND ITS SECRETIONS MUCOUS MEMBRANES, SECRETIONS, AND MECHANISM NORMAL FLORA

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

Tightly packed epithelial cells, keratinization, and constant renewal of epidermis

INTACT, UNBROKEN SKIN

Maintain the pH of the skin (approx. pH 5.6), thus inhibiting the growth of some microorganisms

LACTIC ACID IN SWEAT; FATTY ACIDS IN SEBUM

- Produced by keratinocytes - Protein with antibacterial effect vs. gram-negative bacteria (E. coli)

PSORIASIN

- Mucus, Surfactants, and Cilia - Coughing and Sneezing

RESPIRATORY

Urination (Flushing action, and slight acidity)

URINARY

Urination (Flushing action, and slight acidity)

URINARY

Lactic Acid (Acidity destroys pathogens; pH 5)

GENITAL

Hydrochloric Acid

DIGESTIVE

Lysozyme in tears

LACRIMAL AND SALIVARY GLANDS

Non-pathogenic organisms in some parts of the body deter growth of pathogens

Normal flora (Microbiota)

Non-pathogenic organisms in some parts of the body deter growth of pathogens by:

Competitive Exclusion Producing Substances

E.g. Vaginal normal flora competes with C. albicans

Competitive Exclusion

E.g. COLICINS by gut bacteria binds and penetrates to negatively charged surface of certain bacteria

Producing Substances

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE Cellular Defense (Innate)

Peripheral Blood Tissues

LIST OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD

- Neutrophil - Eosinophil - Basophil - Monocytes

LIST OF SENTINEL CELLS

- Macrophage - Mast Cells - Dendritic Cells

Group of glycoproteins that are normal in serum but rise at different rates and in varying levels during inflammation

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

Synthesized rapidly by _____ in response to cytokines within 12-24 hours

HEPATOCYTES; ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

Synthesized rapidly by _____ in response to cytokines within 12-24 hours

HEPATOCYTES; ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

Pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by monocytes and macrophages:

- Interleukin-1B (IL-1B) - Interleukin-6 (IL-6) - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a)

can also trigger release of APRs

Strenuous exercise

2 TYPES OF ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

POSITIVE ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS NEGATIVE ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS BELONGS TO?? FIRST OR SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE??

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

Increases during inflammation Ex: CRP, mannose binding protein, serum amyloid A

POSITIVE ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

Decreases during inflammation Ex: Albumin, transferrin, antithrombin

NEGATIVE ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

• Bind to microorganisms and promote adherence • PHAGOCYTOSIS • Limit destruction caused by proteolytic enzymes from WBCs

ACTIONS OF SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

- Formerly known as “gamma globulins” (Elvin Kabat) - Located w/in gamma through beta region - Specific glycoproteins referred to as immunoglobulins

ANTIBODIES

- Formerly known as “gamma globulins” (Elvin Kabat) - Located w/in gamma through beta region - Specific glycoproteins referred to as immunoglobulins

ANTIBODIES

TWO FORMS OF ANTIBODIES:

Cell surface (membrane-bound) Secreted Ig’s (antibodies)

TWO FORMS OF ANTIBODIES:

Cell surface (membrane-bound) Secreted Ig’s (antibodies)

Can be found in blood plasma and in many body fluids (tears, saliva, colostrum)

ANTIBODIES

- Combine with an antigen which may be enough to neutralize bacterial toxins or some viruses - Facilitate phagocytosis and kill microbes (opsonins) - Complement activation (e.g. Classical pathway)

ANTIBODIES: Primary Function

2 TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Active Immunity Passive Immunity

ABUNDANT TO LEAST ABUNDANT ANTIBODIES

(GAMDE) IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE

LARGEST TO SMALLEST ANTIBODIES

(MAEDG) IgM IgA IgE IgD IgG

Immunity developed after being exposed to an infection or getting from a vaccine Ex: Infection (natural), Vaccination (artificial)

Active Immunity

Immunity acquired from someone else or something else Ex: Maternal antibodies (natural), Monoclonal antibodies (artificial)

Passive Immunity

Exposed to antigen

ACTIVE

Exposed to antibodies

Passive

Convalescent Immunity that occurs when patient recovers from an infection

ACTIVE NATURAL

Acquired by injection of synthetic preparations such as vaccine, toxin, and toxoid

ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL

Immunity resulting from the utero transfer or through colostrum

PASSIVE NATURAL

Immunity acquired by injection of Immune sera or antitoxin

PASSIVE ARTIFICIAL

What is colostrum?

breast milk of the mother

ENHANCEMENT CLASS: BASICS OF IMMUNITY Flashcards

(74 cards)