PRELIM LEC: INTRODUCTION TO IMMNUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
Study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body
A
IMMUNOLOGY
2
Q
How the body fights infection, irritants (allergen, UV), carcinogens and toxins.
A
IMMUNOLOGY
3
Q
Host’s reaction when foreign substances (antigens) are introduced to the body.
A
IMMUNOLOGY
4
Q
Best defined as the study of components of the immune system and how the body defends itself against dse.
A
IMMUNOLOGY
5
Q
How the body components respond and interact to provide immunity.
A
IMMUNOLOGY
6
Q
IMMUNOLOGY
HOW?
A
Recognition, Interaction, Disposal, Regulation
7
Q
IMMUNOLOGY
WHO?
A
Cells, Molecules, Tissues
8
Q
It is also the study of the medically related consequences that arise when these mechanisms
A
IMMUNOLOGY
9
Q
IMMUNOLOGY It is also the study of the medically related consequences that arise when these mechanisms either:
A
- fail
- respond in an exaggerated way
10
Q
fail can lead to:
A
- autoimmune disorder
- immunodeficiencies
11
Q
respond in an exaggerated way can lead to:
A
hypersentivity disorders
12
Q
*
Consequences of immune interactions:
A
a. Elimination of pathogen (desirable)
b. Overexertion (Undesirable); may lead to autoimmune dse
13
Q
own immune system attacking own body (ex. arthritis, Graves, Cushing, Lupus); failure to identify own cells
A
Autoimmune disorder
14
Q
immune system does not perform well, low immune system.
A
Immunodeficiency
15
Q
Study the px background before concluding status of immunity. Developed from prior exposure.
A
IMMUNITY
16
Q
Condition of being resistant to infection
A
IMMUNITY
17
Q
It is from which the study of immunology is rooted from.
A
IMMUNITY
18
Q
Principle: Antigen gains entrance to an appropriate lymphoid area of the body.
A
IMMUNITY
19
Q
Immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect or treate dse
A
IMMUNITY
20
Q
EXAMPLE OF Immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect or treate dse
A
Vaccination & Anti-inflammatory drugs
21
Q
Composed of wide array of cells, soluble molecule (humoral factors), and tissues
A
IMMUNE SYSTEM
22
Q
Composed of wide array of cells, soluble molecule (humoral factors), and tissues with the following characteristics:
A
- Specificity
- Memory
- Mobility
- Replicability
- Cooperation between different cells or cellular products
23
Q
Primary role – recognize self from non-self, and defend against non-self
A
IMMUNE SYSTEM
24
Q
IMMUNE SYSTEM PRIMARY ROLE 2 TYPES:
A
➔ Natural and Acquired Resistance
➔ Recovery
25
IMMUNE SYSTEM Divided into two categories:
- Innate/Natural Immune System
- Adaptive/Acquired/Specific Immune System
26
do not possess immunologic memory
Innate/Natural Immune System
27
possess immunologic memory
Adaptive/Acquired/Specific Immune System
28
TYPES OF IMMUNITY:
- INNATE IMMUNITY
- ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
29
Present at birth “natural”
INNATE IMMUNITY
30
No prior exposure to pathogen required
INNATE IMMUNITY
31
Little or no memory of prior exposure
INNATE IMMUNITY
32
Non-specific
INNATE IMMUNITY
33
Immediate response
INNATE IMMUNITY
34
Same response upon reexposure
INNATE IMMUNITY
35
Acquired; develops overtime
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
36
# *
Exposure to pathogen required
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
37
Has memory of prior exposure
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
38
Specific
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
39
Slow response
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
40
Faster and increased response upon reexposure
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
41
Both systems are essential to maintain good health; in fact, they operate in concert and are dependent upon one another for maximal effectiveness.
- INNATE IMMUNITY
- ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
42
A foreign substance that may or may not induces an immune response
ANTIGEN
43
ANTIGEN 2 TYPES:
- Non-self
- Self-antigen
44
may or may not elicit immune response (e.g., carbs, proteins, amino acids, blood donated, food we ate)
Non-self
45
- from our body; **Immunogens** – always cause disease (ex. D. latum); **Pathogen** – immunogen that in living form (ex. fungi, bacteria, viruses)
Self-antigen
46
always cause disease (ex. D. latum)
Immunogens
47
immunogen that in living form (ex. fungi, bacteria, viruses)
Pathogen
48
2 TYPES OF TOLERANCE:
- Immunological tolerance
- Self-tolerance
49
the failure to mount an immune response to an antigen → bad thing; can’t recognize immunogen
Immunological tolerance
50
failure to attack the body's own proteins
and other antigens a → good thing [immune system tolerates self-antigen; if body will not able to tolerate antigen an autoimmune response will happen]
➔ Eliminate non-self-components such as
infectious agents
Self-tolerance
51
During a plague in Athens, described a phenomenon where individuals who recovered from a certain disease rarely contracted the same disease again.
THUCYDIDES (430 B.C.)
52
Started the concept of immunity
THUCYDIDES (430 B.C.)
53
He recognized their “immune status”
THUCYDIDES (430 B.C.)
54
The term "smallpox" was first used in Europe in the 15th century to distinguish it from "great pox" (syphilis).
SMALLPOX
55
One of the deadliest known dse known to human and the only dse eradicated worldwide (most significant milestone in medicine)
SMALLPOX
56
Only infects humans.
SMALLPOX
57
Symptoms: High fever, vomiting, mouth sores, and characteristic of pustular (fluid-filled) lesions, which can lead to death.
SMALLPOX
58
1st discovered in 1350 BCE from Egyptian mummies.
SMALLPOX
59
Infected Mozart and Abraham Lincoln
SMALLPOX
60
Infected individuals are called “Speckled monster”
SMALLPOX
61
“Corkscrew-shaped” under Phase Contrast Microscope
SMALLPOX
62
SMALLPOX It is an infectious disease caused by two virus variants:
- Variola major
- Variola minor
63
mild form of smallpox (Alastrim, Cuban itch, cotton pox, milkpox, white pox); may be due to prior exposure/re-exposure to the virus of the same strain.
Variola minor
64
serious form of smallpox (manifestation of severe symptoms)
Variola major
65
Ancient practice of presenting smallpox to the patient, inducing immune response.
VARIOLATION
65
It was first done in Asia and some parts of Africa.
VARIOLATION
65
Further refinements did not occur until the late 1700s
VARIOLATION
66
Precursor of vaccination
VARIOLATION
67
It involves exposing healthy people to a material comingfrom an manifested material of infection/disease (e.g. “smallpox” lesion).
VARIOLATION
68
Farmers such as ________ infected his
family with cowpox during 1774 when he
observed that exposure of milkmaids to
cowpox conferred immunity to smallpox
Benjamin Jesty
69
This has been revealed successful when
attempts to infect his son by physicians during
1805 indicated that his son was immune to
smallpox.
Benjamin Jesty
70
He observed cross-reactivity without knowing it was hence called the “Unsung hero of
vaccination.”
Benjamin Jesty
71
animal disease, smallpox- human disease if ever contracted it well led to fever, cough but it will not show a symptom of other disease. It is an orthopoxvirus from the family of poxviridae (Group 5)
Cowpox
72
Developed a custom of inhaling dried powdered crust from smallpox lesions blown into the nostrils using a pipe; INSUFFLATION
CHINESE (1500s)
73
# *
Mary Montagu
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)
74
Wife of the British Ambassador of Turkey
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)
75
Introduced variolation to Europe in 1921
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)
76
Practiced variolation through INOCULATION
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)
77
She observed a practice from the Ottoman Empire (where his husband is assigned), a form of variolation where smallpox is planted or inoculated on the skin using needle or lancet.
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)
78
This did not always work because some died or were disfigured. (lack of standard, which led to osteomyelitis/disfigured in bone)
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)
79
Test subjects: Prisoners and abandoned children
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)
80
After countless tries, it was found to be effective. She then performed inoculation to the royal family, including her son
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)
81
Inoculation became fashionable in Europe amongst royal families
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)
82
Founder of cross-immunity
EDWARD JENNER (1796)
83
Heard that rural communities practiced inoculation of cowpox to protect themselves against smallpox
EDWARD JENNER (1796)
84
He then tested this hypothesis through his experiment which demonstrated the world’s first vaccine.
EDWARD JENNER (1796)
85
– phenomenon in which exposure to one agent provides protection against another agent
Cross-immunity
86
antigenic similarity of the different
viruses
Cross-reactivity
87
Agents of smallpox & cowpox have cross
reactivity somehow the same antigenic
property but different viruses, after the infection of cowpox you will have the immunity against smallpox
EXAMPLE OF Cross-reactivity
88
WHAT DATE Edward Jenner took fluid from “cowpox” lesion of Sarah Nelmes (Milkmaid), and inoculated it to an 8 year old boy, James
Phipps
May 14,1796
89
WHAT DATE Jenner inoculated the boy with matter from fresh smallpox lesion.
July 1, 1796
90
# *
Injection of cellular material to induce immunity. From the latin word ‘vacca’ means cow. It is the act of introducing vaccine into the body to provide protection from a specific dse; much safer and effective than variolation. Six millennia (600 years) before the vaccine for smallpox was created.
Vaccination
91
100 years later after smallpox, led advancement to vaccination (attenuated vaccines)
LOUIS PASTEUR (1880-1881)
92
Patented vaccination, hence the “Father of Immunology”
LOUIS PASTEUR (1880-1881)
93
Basis: Older bacterial cultures of Pasteurella multocida would not cause disease in chickens (broth culture inoculated chicken shows not so potent toward chicken)
LOUIS PASTEUR (1880-1881)
94
to CHANGE; to MAKE A PATHOGEN LESS VIRULENT. Compose of heating, drying, and chemical means.
Attenuation
95
He developed vaccines against:
1. Chicken cholera
2. Anthrax
3. Rabies (1885)
LOUIS PASTEUR (1880-1881)
96
These two procedures were successful in decreasing smallpox mortality
VARIOLATION & VACCINATION
97
WHO declared the total eradication of smallpox in 1979
VARIOLATION & VACCINATION
98
Observed white blood cells ingesting dye
HAECKEL (1862)
99
Note: Cells engulfs, antibodies neutraliizes/tags microorganisms
HAECKEL (1862)
100
Discovered cellular immunity and observed pahogocytosis
ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1880 -1900)
101
When rose thorn is introduced to starfish larvae, motile cells migrate and clustered around the thorn.
ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1880 -1900)
102
He then posited that phagocytosis served as a natural immune mechanism.
ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1880 -1900)
103
a process by which a cell is capable of engulfing or “eating” other cells.
Phagocytosis
104
Concept of Cellular Immunity was born (how cells phagocytize, how monocyte move to become macrophage)
ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1880 -1900)
105
Discovered humoral immunity
EMIL VON BEHRING and SHIBASABURO KITASATO (1890)
106
Animals immunized with diphtheria and tetanus toxins produced non-cellular ‘antitoxins’ which neutralize or destroy the toxin.
EMIL VON BEHRING and SHIBASABURO KITASATO (1890)
107
These antitoxins would then be later known as ‘antibodies’ who dicovered
Paul Ehrlich
108
protective factors in the blood and other body fluids
Antibodies
109
Concept of Humoral Immunity was born (Humoral – part of fluid,
soluble]
EMIL VON BEHRING and SHIBASABURO KITASATO (1890)
110
Wrote the book entitled “THE SPECIFICITY OF SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS”
KARL LANDSTEINER
111
Human immune system is specific in protecting its own antigen (memory)
KARL LANDSTEINER
112
Typhoid Mary
MARY MALLON
113
A cook who spread a febrile disease that killed almost 50 persons.
MARY MALLON
114
Based on Columbian theory, it suggests that syphilis was endemic in Haiti and was subsequently contracted and carried to Europe by the crew of Christopher Columbus.
CRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
115
WHO DISCOVERED Side-chain theory
EHRLICH (1900s)
116
Antibodies have receptors which act only on specific antigen (if antibody made from S.aureus specific only for S.aureus type)
Side-chain theory
117
Discovered opsonins which coat pathogens to make them more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells.
ALMROTH WRIGHT (1903)
118
An APR that envelops microorganisms, which
will then be tagged by antibodies → envelop → phagocytosis. It basically enhances phagocytosis
Opsonin
119
are not too different; it happens simultaneously in the body.
➔ Both are significant in successful immune
responses.
➔ Both are dependent upon each other, and
operate in combination.
➔ Ex. bacteria free floating in the blood when
macrophage see it can eat easily but sometimes macrophage is confused now the humoral immunity will help by releasing opsonins (opsonins coat non-self-antigen making macrophage eat in few seconds)
➔ Both are dependent upon each other, and operate in combination.
Cellular immunity & humoral immunity
120
Discovered Koch’s bacillus (MTB)
ROBERT KOCH
121
Delayed type hypersensitivity
ROBERT KOCH
122
Passive administration of antitoxin
EMIL VON BEHRING
123
Non-disease casuing bland substances can cause anaphylactic shock (uncontrolled hypersensitivity; T1)
PORTIER, RICHET
124
Discovered type 2 hypersensitivity
MAURICE ARTHUS
125
Discovered polio vaccine
SALK & SABIN
126
Cutaneous vaccine
Salk
127
Oral vaccine
Sabin
128
Smallpox vaccination
EDWARD JENNER (1796)
129
Observed phagocytosis
HAECKEL (1862)
130
First live attenuated vaccine
LOUIS PASTEUR (1880-1881)
131
Cellular theory of immunity via phagocytosis
ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1888)
132
Humoral theory of immunity proposed
VON BEHRING, KITASATO (1890)
133
Cutaneous (Delayed-type) Hypersensitivity
ROBERT KOCH (1891)
134
Discovered precipitins
ROBERT KAUS (1897)
135
Antibody formation theory (Side-chain theory)
EHRLICH (1900)
136
Discovered serum therapy; serum
antitoxin
EMIL VON BEHRING (1901)
137
Immediatehypersensitivity /
anaphylaxis
PORTIER, RICHET (1902)
138
Arthus reaction of intermediate
hypersensitivity
MAURICE ARTHUS (1903)
139
Discovered opsonization
ALMOTH WRIGHT (1903)
140
Complement
JULES JEAN BAPTISTE VINCENT BORDET (1919)
141
Discovered ABO Blood group
KARL LANDSTEINER (1930)
142
Development of polio vaccine
SALK AND SABIN (1949)
143
Development of vaccine against
yellow fever
REED (1951)
144
Identification of basic antibody structure
GERALYN EDELMAN, RODNEY PORTER (1972)
145
First monoclonal antibodies
KOHLER (1975)
146
Discovered Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
GEORGE SNELL, JEAN DAUSET, BARUJ BENACERRAF (1980)
147
Radioimmunoassay
ROSALYN YALLOW (1977)
148
Nobel prize winner for antibody diversity
SUSUMU TONEGAWA (1987)
149
Performed first transplantation
EDWARD DONALL THOMAS, JOSEPH MURRAY (1991)
150
FOXP3, the gene directly regulatory T cell development
2001
151
Development of human papillomavirus vaccine.
FRAZER (2005)
