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Enquiry 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why has alcohol consumption dropped since 2008?

A
  1. Influx of non-drinking migrants - influencing others
  2. Younger generation - health-conscious
  3. Public health campaigns i.e. Dry July
  4. Cost / taxes on drinks
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2
Q

Name risk-behaviours common in adolescents:

A
  1. Not exercising
  2. Poor nutrition
  3. Smoking
  4. Drug use
  5. Alcohol use
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3
Q

List the negative effects of a lack of exercise:

A
  • Reduction in O2 in the body
  • Increase in CO2 in the body
  • Reduction in muscle tone/strength
  • Less energy
  • Energy imbalance/weight gain
  • Poor cardiovascular health
  • Poor respiratory health
  • Poor circulation
  • Low mood, reduction in endorphins
  • Reduced O2 to brain
  • Low energy / motivation
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4
Q

Who created/established Expectancy Theory?

A

Victor Vroom (1964)

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5
Q

What four elements are involved in Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory?

A

Motivational Force
Expectancy
Instrumentality
Valance

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6
Q

What is Motivational Force, in relation to Expectancy Theory?

A

The likelihood that an individual will engage in a particular action. As the motivational force increases so does the likelihood of engagement in action.

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7
Q

What is Expectancy, in relation to Expectancy Theory?

A

The belief that an increase in effort will produce an increase in performance.

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8
Q

What is Instrumentality, in relation to Expectancy Theory?

A

The belief that an increase in performance will produce an increase in particular outcomes.

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9
Q

What is Valance, in relation to Expectancy Theory?

A

How much a particular outcome is desired - how much does a person care about a specific outcome.

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10
Q

What is the formula of Expectancy Theory?

A

Motivational Force = Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valance

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11
Q

Looking through the lens of Expectancy Theory, how can we motivate people?

A

Tailor rewards to reflect an individual’s interest, as motivation levels are directly linked to how desirable an outcome is for a person.

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12
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

Intrinsic motivation is motivation that comes from within a person, connected to values, goals, desired outcomes.

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13
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

Motivation that comes from outside of an individual, someone else is providing impetus (reward) for certain behaviours.

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14
Q

What is health behaviour?

A

Any behaviour that influences human health - both positively or negatively.

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15
Q

List negative health outcomes connected with a sedentary lifestyle:

A
  • shorter life expectancy
  • weight gain
  • backache
  • Type 2 diabetes
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16
Q

List factors influencing health behaviours:

A
  • understanding of health
  • education
  • insight into own behaviour/activity
  • beliefs
  • values
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17
Q

Looking through the lens of Social Learning Theory, how do health behaviours develop:

A
  • Observations as a child - behaviour witnessed by child
  • Current observations - around adult
  • Feelings about self
  • Location - options relating to healthy lifestyle choices where you live
  • Off set of negative health behaviours (sedentary job) with activity (yoga, gym, walking)
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18
Q

List health-risk behaviours that increase the chance of disease development:

A
  • Physical inactivity
  • Unhealthy food choices
  • Obesity
  • Risky sexual behaviour
  • Non-adherence to medical advice
  • Alcohol & drug use
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19
Q

List diseases that are preventable (reduce risk) through healthy lifestyle choices:

A
  • Heart disease
  • Stroke
  • Cancers
  • Pneumonia
  • HIV/Aids
  • Hepatitis C
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20
Q

List negative health outcomes of unhealthy diet choices?

A
  • Reduced fertility
  • Increase LDL cholesterol
  • High blood pressure
  • Tooth decay
  • Non-communicable diseases - cardiovascular diseases, cancers, type 2 diabetes
  • Increased vulnerability to illnesses
  • Acne
  • Muscular/skeletal health (osteoporosis)
  • Psychological disorders (depression)
  • Low energy
  • Insomnia
  • Low self-esteem
  • Low concentration
  • Increased risk of dementia
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21
Q

How do psychoactive substances affect unwellness?

A

They act on the CNS, change mood, cognition, behaviour. They can cause anxiety, depression, psychosis and insomnia.

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22
Q

List 5 x categories of psychoactive drugs:

A
  1. Opiates/opioids (heroin, codeine, methadone)
  2. Stimulants (cocaine nicotine, meth-amphetamine (Ice), amphetamine (Speed), caffeine)
  3. Depressants (tranquilizers (benzodiazepines), antipsychotics, alcohol, sedatives, anaesthetics)
  4. Hallucinogens (LSD, Magic Mushrooms, cannabis, hashish)
  5. Cannabis & hashish (can also be hallucinogen)
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23
Q

List examples of opiates/opioids:

A

Heroin
Codeine
Methadone

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24
Q

List examples of stimulants:

A 
Cocaine
Nicotine
Meth-amphetamine (Ice)
Amphetamine (Speed)
Caffeine
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25
List examples of depressants:
``` Tranquilizers (Benzodiazepines) Antipsychotics Alcohol Sedatives Anaesthetics ```
26
Hallucinogens
``` Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Psilocybin (Magic Mushrooms) Cannabis Hashish Mescaline (Peyote cactus) ```
27
What is the action of depressants?
They SLOW down the CNS
28
What is the action of stimulants?
They ACCELERATE the CNS
29
How do hallucinogens impact the CNS?
They alter/distort perceptions
30
Give examples of party drugs?
MDMA (methylene dioxymethamphetamine - ecstasy)
31
Which categories do party drugs fit under?
A combination of depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens
32
With party drugs, what can increase their danger?
Their purity and contents
33
List ways Australia has tried to reduce harm in relation to drug use:
* Safe injection clinics * Needle/syringe exchange * Naloxone training for injecting heroin users (antidote used in heroin overdose)
34
What effect do psychoactive drugs have on the mind?
Alter/affects the way the mind functions and also influences behaviour.
35
List risk factors for alcohol or drug problems:
* Child abuse/childhood trauma * Low mood/stress * Physical pain * Stigma, discrimination, oppression (complex issues including social, cultural, political issues) * Loss - separation, divorce, death or partner, parent * Older people - lonely/isolated
36
What are some pleasurable effects of alcohol?
* Relaxes you * Feel happier * Feel less inhibited * Feel more confident
37
List ways alcohol/depressants affect the central nervous system:
* reduces brain function * dampens motor sensory centres * impacts coordination and balance * Affects judgement negatively
38
Why is alcohol risky and potentially dangerous in terms of the way it makes people behave?
It increases our confidence, so we are more likely to take risks, however, it reduces our motor control, so we can have accidents more easily, i.e. drowning, car crashes.
39
When can psychoactive drugs become addictive?
After they have been used for a period of time - dependence can develop.
40
How is alcohol consumption cultural?
Alcohol consumption becomes normalised in society. Following are reasons for this: * Drinking alcohol involved in cultural/social activities * Alcohol used to relax after work * Society condones its regular use * Risky drinking behaviours are common
41
Which drug do people die of more frequently?
Alcohol!
42
Which organs does alcohol negatively affect?
Heart Liver other organs
43
What type of behaviour can alcohol consumption lead to?
Violence
44
What is binge drinking?
Large quanities of alcohol over a specific period
45
Why is binge drinking dangerous?
Can change functioning of brain and motor skills resulting in accidents.
46
Which enzyme is required to break down alcohol?
Alcohol dehydrogenase
47
Which gender produces less alcohol dehydrogenase?
Women
48
Why is alcohol addiction more prominent in women?
Female bodies cope with alcohol differently, being more affected by it, and dependency can develop more quickly.
49
What causes addiction?
Exposure to chemical substances over time. Need to increase substance to maintain the effect. When substance is removed, body misses it - withdrawal symptoms.
50
What is required for substance withdraal?
Medical support. Quick withdrawal can be dangerous, fatal.
51
List factors in addiction:
Genetics Life experiences Social situations
52
List signs of substance dependence:
* Not functioning in day to day life * Continuing to use substances even though health is deteriorating, performance has reduced (work) * Body is tolerating substance - yet, need more to get same result * Withdrawal symptoms present themselves is right quantity of substance not delivered * Dependence occurs - more substance required as time goes on - hard to stop using.
53
What does the acronym AOD stand for?
Alcohol and other drugs
54
How can you direct a client interested in addressing their substance abuse?
Direct to GP or AOD services or self-assessment online tool - Direct Line - Turning Point, Monash Uni (24 hours/7 days)
55
How does cannabis affect the brain?
Influences the incannabinoid system - special brain receptors involved in reducing pain signals - once suppressed, happiness feelings generated by limbic system.
56
How does alcohol affect the brain?
Alcohol is a depressant - affects brain stem - sleep/wake cycles dampened by alcohol. Causes drowsiness. Alcohol affects memory centres - reduces size of mammalary bodies (memory circuits) which causes forgetting. Causes cerebellum to shrink - which impacts balance and coordination.
57
How does marijuana affect the brain?
Dopamine - GABA secreted into synaptic gap. - reduces dopamine secreted into the synaptic gap. GABA is inhibitory - dopamine neurons adjust dopamine secreted. Endocannbinoid - a neurotransmitter - can cause an increase in the release of GABA and other neurotransmitters that affect the amount of dopamine released. Cannabis contains cannabioids - THC - very similar to endocannabinoid. When use cannabis, THC chemicals travel to the brain and compete with endocannabinoids to bind to protein receptors on neurons involved in dopamine production. THC causes GABA secretion to reduce, and therefore dopamine to rise = increased dopamine give high - however, THC affects normal working of the brain and body.
58
How does alcohol impact the brain?
* reduces speed of neuotransmitter movement of informatoin. * Increases dopamin levels * Causes brain tissue to shrink * Can cause mood swings * Can damage brain over time
59
What is health risk behaviour?
Any behaviour that reduces health or increases the risk of ill health.
60
What are common factors connected with being overweight or obesity?
* eating behaviour we've learned * Peer influences - school/social groups * Media influences - advertising * Work environments * Genetics * Individual physiology * Dietary patterns * Movement/exercise patterns
61
What contributes to the development of obesity?
Many factors combined
62
List environmental factors that have changed with modernity that may cause weight gain?
Cars, remote controls, computers (sedentary work life)
63
How has processed food influenced being overweight?
Processed foods are high in calories, low in nutrition
64
What has contributed to an increase of processed foods?
Advertising Convenience - take away food rather than cooking Cheaper - perception processed food is cheaper
65
What are environmental factors that contribute to access to high calorie food?
Bigger portions in restaurants Sugary drinks availalble in dispensing machines Bottle feeding Misleading labels re calories and servings Vending machines
66
What are factors contributing in children/adolescents being obese?
* Increased access to high calorie/low nutritious food (convenience/cost) * Sedentary lifestyles - reduced exercise & increased sitting with computers/tv * Lack of infrastructure than encourages movement - bike paths, pedestrian paths * Mothers' diets while in utero * Social influences - ethnicity/cultural factors * Stigmas if overweight affect self-esteem/mental well being which can reduce activity increase comfort eating
67
What are social factors of eating?
* celebration * company * enjoyment * soothing (comfort food)
68
What are socioeconomic factors affecting eating habits?
* choosing processed foods as inexpensive * location (low socioeconomic neighbourhood) could mean reduced access to fresh food * low socioeconomic - less time to prepare food - i.e. multiple jobs
69
How does exercise improve health outcomes?
* Increases fitness, endurance, strength, flexibility * Prevents diseases - cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancers, obesity, depression, osteoporosis * Improves function of physical bodies and systems * Increases psychological function
70
How does aerobic exercise benefit your heart and body?
* Increases blood flow * Enables cardiovascular and respiratory systems to be more efficient * Strengthens heart muscle * More blood pumped with each contraction. More blood means more capillaries which means increased blood supply to muscles and cells. More blood supply means more oxygen delivered to cells.
71
What is an individual's weight linked to?
Links established with weight of family and friends
72
How can regular exercise help the body?
* Reducing hypertension and blood pressure * Aids blood lipids, decreasing LDL cholesterol, and increasing HDL cholesterol = outcome - reducing the risk of cardiovascular and coronary artery diseases.
73
What are metabolic syndrome symptoms?
* High blood pressure * abdominal obesity * low HDL levels * high levels triglycerides * affected glucose tolerance
74
What can reduce metabolic syndrome symptoms?
Moderate-intensity exercise taken often
75
How many minutes exercise is recommended weekly to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes?
150 mins moderate exercise
76
What proportion of cancers are avoidable through diet and exercise?
1/3 of all cancers
77
Name 3 x factors linked to many cancers?
Smoking (13.4%) Solar radiation (6.2%) Diet low in fibre/nutrients (6.1%)
78
List 4 x effects of high doses of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs:
* Hallucinations * interrupted sleep * mood changes * death
79
Which age groups are at risk of abusing Over-the-Counter drugs?
Adolescents, young adults, over 65 years
80
What are two ways of abusing OTC drugs?
1. Taking high doses | 2. Taking for too long a period
81
Which types of OTC drugs are misused?
Drugs that assist sleep, colds, dieting.
82
How can medications that aid sleep be problematic?
* They can affect normal sleep cycles * They can cause long periods of sleep * They can become tolerated by the body and dependence can develop
83
What is DXM?
Dextromethorphan - found in OTC cold medications
84
Who abuses DXM?
5% high school students
85
What is hoodia gordonii?
Herb - used in diet pills - sold as dietary supplement.
86
What is the misconception about prescription drugs?
They give a safer high.
87
What is the main risk with the high use of prescription drugs?
Irregular heart rate which can lead to death.
88
What are misconceptions by uni students about prescription drugs?
safe socially acceptable support well being
89
Name common pain killers abused by uni students:
Vicodin OxyContin Percocet (relax/get high)
90
Name two ADHD medications abused by uni students in the US, and list why they are used:
Adderall Ritalin - stimulants - used to increase academic achievement.
91
List factors that protect against drug use:
* Parental concern about alcohol/drug use * Religion/spirituality - increase in religion, decrease drug use * Engagement in learning - more involved in learning, less likely to use drugs * Athletics - less likely to use drugs * Strong social networks - range of supportive friends helpful
92
Name drugs that are stimulants:
Cocaine Amphetamine, Methamphetamine (Ice, Speed, Crystal Meth) Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
93
How can cocaine negatively affect the nasal cavities?
* Damage mucus membranes * Cause sinusitis * Reduce the ability to smell * Eat through the septum
94
How does cocaine affect the brain?
Binds to receptor sites of CNS - gives sense of pleasure (slows the re-uptake of seratonin in synaptic gap)
95
What is cocaine alkaloid (freebase)?
Cocaine with hydrochloride salt removed - used for smoking - affects brain in seconds, however, affect is brief - want more to get high again.
96
What is crack cocaine?
Similar to freebase cocaine, however, has hydrochloride salt and is made with baking soda and water - cheap but potent. Takes longer to get high and is very addictive.
97
What are the side effects of cocaine?
Small doses: reduced heart rate, blood pressure, weight loss, convulsions, muscle twitching, irregular heartbeat, increased energy and alertness, talkativeness Large doses: irritable, paranoia, violent behaviour
98
What are amphetamines?
Synthetic drugs - strong stimulants
99
What are amphetamines prescribed for and what are prescription names:
ADHD - Adderall, Ritalin etc
100
What are the effects of small quantities of amphetamines?
Increased alertness, improved mood
101
What are the effects of large quantities of amphetamines?
Hallucinations, delusions, disorganised behaviour
102
What are the side effects of amphetamines?
``` Insomnia Increased heart rate Rise in blood pressure Restlessness Anxiety Reduced appetite Issues with vision ```
103
What is methamphetamine?
Type of amphetamine. Strong stimulant. Made from cold/flu medications i.e. pseudoephedrine. Street names - meth, ice, fire, speed, base, skates
104
What are the effects of methamphetamine & how long do effects last?
Stimulant. Increases alertness and energy, sense of euphoria.
105
What are the negative side effects from methamphetamine?
* Increased breathing rate * Increased body temperature * Insomnia * Tremors * Anxiety * Confusion * Decreased appetite * Dehydration
106
What is tolerance in relation to substances?
When the body adjusts to the substance, and more substance is required to get the desired result. Can lead to dependence.
107
How addictive are methamphetamines?
Very addictive. Tolerance can occur after first use.
108
How do methamphetamines affect the brain?
Increases the release of dopamine and prevents the reuptake of dopamine resulting in euphoria/rush. Over time, dopamine receptors become damaged resulting in difficulty to experience pleasure.
109
What are some of the negative side effects of long-term methamphetamine use?
* Reduction of motor skills * Reduction of verbal learning * Significant weight loss * Damage to cardiovascular system * Anxiety * Confusion * Insomnia * Reduction in body's healing capacity * Acne that is slow to heal * Loss of elasticity of skin - age rapidly * Liver damage * Hallucinations * Violent behaviour * Paranoia * Psychotic behaviour * Death * Brain damage affecting brain function, emotional regulation and memory * * Some of the above list may continue after use has stopped - permanent damage
110
What is meth mouth?
Methamphetamine use affects the mouth, drying the mouth leading to acid wearing teeth. Grinding, consumption of sugary drinks, low dental hygiene worsens condition. Meth mouth - teeth turn grey.
111
How does methamphetamines affect risk-taking behaviour?
Reduces inhibitions. Libido increases while inhibitions decrease. Leads to risky sexual behaviour. Increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases.
112
Which category of drugs does caffeine belong to?
Stimulants - affect CNS
113
What percentage of Australian's drink coffee?
46%
114
Which family of chemicals does caffeine belong?
Xanthines (also in tea/chocolate)
115
In which ways does caffeine effect the body and brain?
* alertness to mind * Increases strength of heart contraction * Increases the use of oxygen * Increases metabolic rate * Increases urination (diuretic
116
How long does caffeine take to come into effect?
15 - 45 mins
117
How long does caffeine last in the system?
1/4 life of 12 hours
118
What are symptoms of high volumes of caffeine consumption?
* Insomnia * Shaking * Being cranky * Feeling nervous and anxious
119
What are the withdrawal symptoms of caffeine?
* Headaches * Fatigue * Nausea
120
What are the benefits of caffeine, if under 300mg/day?
* Mental alertness * Reduces depression in women * Reduces risk of prostate cancer in men * Reduces risk of stroke
121
What is the psychoactive substance in marijuana?
THC - Tetrahydrocannibinol
122
What are the names of two types of hemp plants commonly grown/used?
Cannibis sativa | Cannibis indica
123
What percentage of THC is considered potent?
29%
124
What percentage is the average amount of THC?
10%
125
What is Hashish?
Made from the hemp plant's resin. It is high in THC.
126
What is hash oil?
Dried marijuana is perculated with solvent (ether) to extract THC - very potent. Yields a thick liquid - 300mg THC/dose.
127
If smoking marijuana, how quickly to effects start?
Within 10-30 mins, lasts approx 3 hours.
128
List symptoms/physical responses to marijuana/THC:
* Dilates blood vessels in eyes * Cough - dry throat * Increased thirst and appetite * Decreased blood pressure * Muscular weakness (droopy eyelids) * Lots of hashish = vivid hallucinations (visual) * Severe anxiety, panic and paranoia * Psychosis * Intense responses to colour and sounds * Changed perception regarding how fast things move
129
Marijuana smoke has more carcinogenic hydrocarbons than tobacco - by how much?
50-70%
130
What are the effects of carbon monoxide breathed in through smoking marijuana on the body?
Carbon monoxide has a higher affinity than oxygen - means less oxygen in the blood. The heart has to work harder to move available oxygen around the body to cells.
131
Which cancer is twice as likely to develop in male smokers of marijuana?
Nonseminoma - aggressive malignant testicular cancer accounting for 40% of testicular cancers. Ave age for diagnosis 20-35 years.
132
What are symptoms suffered from teens, especially young teens, using marijuana?
* Anxiety * Depression * Suicidal thoughts * Schizophrenia
133
What are the effects of marijuana used by pregnant mothers, on their babies?
* Brain of baby affected - reduced capacity in problem-solving, memory, and attention.
134
What effect do depressants have on the body?
Reduce/slow neuromuscular activity. If reduced too much, can cause death.
135
What are the effects of opioids (narcotics)?
* Drowsy * Reduction of pain * Induced euphoria * Reduce heart rate * Reduce respiration * Reduce blood pressure
136
Where do opioids come from?
Opium | * milky juice of opium poppy seed pod
137
Name two types of opioids:
Heroine | Morphine
138
List medications containing synthetic opioids:
* Vicodin * Derocodan * Oxycontin * Demerol * Dilaudid
139
Side Effects from opioids are:
* Weakness * Dizziness * Vomiting * Euphoria * Decline in sex drive * Visual disturbances * Issues with coordination
140
How do opioids affect the body and how is this related to endorphins?
Endorphins bind to specific receptors in neurons and induce feelings of well being and euphoria. Endorphins and opioids are similar. Opioids attach to endorphin receptors to produce euphoria.
141
What is heroin derived from?
Morphine - yet more potent than morphine
142
What is black tar heroin?
* pure form * dark brown * pungent smell * cheap
143
As a depressant, which symptoms does heroin produce:
* Mood swings * Euphoria/highs * Lows/depression
144
What are symptoms related to heroin use?
* Reduced respiration rate * Reduced urination * Pupil constriction
145
How quickly does tolerance develop?
Within 3 weeks of use commencing
146
What percentage of Australians were using heroin in 2013?
0.1% = 20,000
147
In which ways can heroin be used?
* Injected * Snorted (preference for more affluent users) * Smoked (preference for more affluent users)
148
What is mainlining?
Intravenous injection. Often used for heroin. Can experience 'rush' - highly addictive part of herion use. Can damage veins - they collapse. Veins commonly used: feet, legs, temples, under tongue, groin
149
List heroin withdrawal symptoms:
* Craving for drug * Interrupted sleep * Low appetite * Irritable * Goosebumps * Muscle tremors * Nausea * Abdominal cramps * Restlessness * Diarrhea * Anxiety * Hot/cold flushes * Raised blood pressure * Raised heart rate * Increased respiration rate
150
Which medication is given to assist heroin/opioid addicts with withdrawal symptoms?
Methadone - Blocks withdrawal symptoms, as similar to opioids. Dosage reduced over time.
151
What is the main issue with using Methadone to assist heroin/opioid withdrawals?
It is highly addictive too, and can Methadone addiction can simply replace heroin addiction.
152
Name two other treatments for opioid addiction in addition to Methadone:
Naltrexone (Trexan) - opioid antagonist - reduces craving for rush. If opioids used, no rush. Big part of addiction is the rush. Temgesic (buprenorphine) - not addictive - synthetic, mild opioid - attaches to particular receptors, crave is met, blocks pain - not addictive.
153
What type of drugs are benzodiazepines (tranquilisers) and barbiturates?
Sedative and hypnotic drugs - they calm and reduce anxiety, cause sleepiness
154
Name four types of prescription benzodiazepines:
1. Valium 2. Activan 3. Xanax 4. Rohypnol (similar to valium) - sedative, muscle relaxant, causes amnesia, slowed psychomotor responses, 'date rape' drug More commonly used over barbiturates
155
List reasons for prescribing benzodiazepines:
* Muscle strain * Insomnia * Anxiety/panic attacks * Alcohol withdrawal
156
List two barbiturates (sedative-hypnotic) drugs:
1. Amytal 2. Seconal Not as safe - not used in sedative-hypnotic therapy
157
What type of drugs are barbiturates and benzodiazepines
Depressants - lethal if combined with alcohol
158
How long does it take to develop tolerance/dependence with barbituates/benzodiazepines?
Occurs within weeks - dependence is physical and psychological
159
What is GHB?
Gamma hydroxybutyrate - depressant, addictive, illegal in Aust. Odorless, tasteless, clear liquid. Slipped into drinks like Rohypnol - memory loss, unconsciousness, amnesia, possibly death.
160
Name 6 x types of hallucinogens (psychedelics):
1. LSD 2. Ecstacy 3. PCP 4. Mescaline 5. Psilocybin (Magic Mushrooms) 6. Ketamine All illegal
161
What are the effects of hallucinogens (psychedelics)?
* Visual/auditory hallucinations * Altered mood * Altered thoughts and feelings * Altered perceptions (see wavy wall not straight wall), mixes perceptions of sounds and tastes - smell colours, hear tastes (synesthesia) * Difficulty accessing short-term and long-term memories
162
What is synesthesia?
Altered perceptions/mixing of sensory information - smell colours, hear tastes etc
163
What does LSD stand for?
Lysergic acid diethylamide
164
What type of drug is LSD?
A hallucinogenic drug - synthetic
165
Who designed LSD?
Albert Hoffman - 1930s
166
What is the street name for LSD?
Acid
167
In which forms does LSD come in?
``` Blotter acid - LSD on small squares of paper Gelatin panes (window pane) Tablets - microdots ```
168
How much is a low dose of LSD?
20 micrograms - potent
169
What is one of the main risks of LSD?
Drug is not pure
170
List the physical effects of LSD:
* Increased heart rate * Increased blood pressure * Increased temperature * Goosebumps * Increased reflex speed * Muscle tremors/twitches * Perspiration * Increased salivation * Chills * Headaches * Mild nausea
171
What are the psychological effects of LSD:
* Dysphoria (state of unease) * Reduced attention * Mixing of thoughts - interposed, juxtaposed, introspective * Distortion of perceptions - bad trips - scary hallucinations * Depression - 2 days after taking drug - motivates to take more of drug * Addiction - psychological - elevate post-LSD depression
172
What is ectasy?
MDMA - methylene-dioxymethamphetamine
173
What type of drug is MDMA (ecstacy)?
Stimulant - mild hallucinogen
174
What sensations does MDMA give?
Euphoria Openness/warmth feelings of love & empathy Increase sensory input / adjust perceptions
175
How long does it take ecstasy to kick in?
20-90 mins - lasts 3-5 hours
176
What are physical symptoms of ecstasy:
* jaw clenching * cheek chewing * short-term memory loss * Confusion * Dehydration - increase in body temp * Increased heart rate * Risks for those with cardiovascular issues
177
What are the effects of long-term ecstasy use?
* Compromised thinking * Difficulty regulating emotions * Issues with memory * Interrupted sleep * Sensitivity to pain * Damage to brain cells
178
What is PCP?
Phencyclidine. -synthetic - anesthetic - created 70s to anaesthetise while awake (operations). Amnesia while drug working
179
What are the side effects of PCP?
* Delirium * Confusion * Agitation
180
What are street names for PCP and how is it used?
* Angel Dust * Peace Pill * Horse tranquilisers
181
What are the effects of 5 mg (sml) dose of PCP?
* slurred speech * impaired coordination * reduced sensitivity to pain * reduced heart rate * reduced respiratory rate
182
What are the effects of 5-10 mg PCP?
* fever * salivation * nausea * vomiting * reduced sensitivity to pain
183
What are the effects of above 10 mg PCP?
* Reduced blood pressure * Coma * Muscular rigidity * Violence * Convulsions * Death
184
What is mescaline?
``` Chemical from peyote cactus Take 10-12 buttons Vomiting Hallucinations lasting 9-10 hours CNS stimulant Street versions - synthetic - DOM, STP, TMA, MMDA - toxic in small amounts ```
185
What are Psilocybin and psylocin?
Magic mushrooms = psilocybe mushrooms Similar to LSD - hallucinogenic Lasts 4-6 hours
186
What is Ketamine?
Special K - street name anaesthetic - stolen from hospitals - cooked/white powder - party drug Hallucinations - brain accesses memories - dreams/visions
187
What are the effects of Ketamine/Special K?
* confusion * agitation * aggression * lack of coordination
188
Which factors are involved in getting help with drug addiction?
* type of drug * socioeconomic factors * geographic location - services available? * Treatment programs
189
List treatment options for recovery:
* Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) * Multidimensional family therapy - whats behind patterns of behaviour * Motivational Interviewing - motivation for change * Motivational Incentives - rewards for change * Residential treatment programs - 6-12 months skills/support to live drug-free
190
List types of 12 step rehabilitation programs
``` Alcoholics Anonymous Narcotics Anonymous Cocaine Anonymous Gamblers Anonymous Pills Anonymous ```
191
What is the focus of a 12 step rehab program?
Acknowledging problem Getting external support Identifying weaknesses - strengthening these Apologising to those addiction has impacted Supporting others wrestling with addiction
192
What is the chemical in alcohol?
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
193
Which process produces hard alcohol?
Distilling - alcohol vapors are condensed/added to water
194
What is the proof a measure of?
% of alcohol content in drink. % of alcohol is 1/2 of the proof. Proof is 80, alcohol % 40%
195
What is the average alcohol percentage of wine?
12-15%
196
What is the average alcohol percentage of beer?
2-8%
197
How much alcohol in a standard drink?
16 grams (1.2 tablespoons)
198
List the standard drink size of beer, malt liquor, table wine and spirits:
Beer - 12 oz Matt liquor - 8.5 oz Table wine = 5 oz 80 proof spirits (gin, vodka) - 1.5 oz (40% alcohol)
199
How is alcohol absorbed in the GI tract?
20% in stomach 80% in small intestine smallest amount in mount All absorbs into blood stream
200
What affects how quickly alcohol is absorbed into the blood stream?
% of alcohol in drink - higher alcohol %, quicker absorbed How much beverage is drank How much food is in stomach Whether the pyloric valve goes into spasm (from carbonated drinks) Metabolic rate Weight/BMI Mood
201
If alcohol irritates the lining of the GI tract, what happens?
Vomiting
202
How does mood affect alcohol absorption?
If stressed, food passes through the stomach more quickly. Mood affects the rate at which food moves through the stomach into small intestine.
203
How does alcohol progress through body systems?
From stomach to small intestine, to blood, to liver, metabolised and converted into acetaldehyde.
204
What affect does acetaldehyde have on the body?
It is very toxic. Causes nausea, vomiting and liver damage over time.
205
How is acetaldehyde broken down in the body?
Enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase, oxidised to acetate, broken down into carbon dioxide and water and removed from the body.
206
What is the blood alcohol concentration?
Ratio of alcohol to total blood volume
207
Which physical responses come from rising blood alcohol concentrations?
BAC - 0.02 - relaxed/good mood BAC - 0.05 increased relaxation, motor impairment, chatty BAC - 0.08 Euphoria, ongoing motor impairment BAC - 0.10 Depressant quality kicks in - drowsy, increase in impaired motor impairment, judgement is compromised Further increase BAC - Bad both physically and psychologically
208
Which factors affect blood alcohol concentration?
``` Weight Body fat Water content in cells How quickly drinks consumed Qty consumed ```
209
Why does a bigger body have less BAC than a smaller body?
More surface area
210
Why does body fat impact the absorption of alcohol?
More body fat - less absorption of alcohol, so more in blood stream at any given time, resulting in higher intoxication.
211
What factor makes is easier for women to become more intoxicated than men?
They possess less alcohol dehydrogenase (enzyme) in stomach required to break alcohol down before it reaches blood/brain.
212
What are the short -term impacts of alcohol on the nervous system?
Slowed repsonse time Judgement compromised Motor coordination compromised High BAC - coma/death
213
What are the short-term impacts of alcohol on the senses?
Senses, including taste and smell | Vision and hearing impacted
214
What are the short-term impacts of alcohol on the skin?
broken capillaries | redening, sweating, heat loss
215
What are the short-term impacts of alcohol on the heat and lungs?
reduced pulse rate reduced respiratory rate reduced blood pressure
216
What are the short-term impacts of alcohol on the stomach?
nausea - irritated by the alcohol | inflammation
217
What are the short-term impacts of alcohol on the urinary system?
alcohol is a diuretic - increased urination
218
What are the short-term impacts of alcohol on sexual response?
Women - less vaginal lubrication | Men - erectile dysfunction
219
What are the long-term impacts of alcohol?
* Memory issues * Damaged brain cells * Compromised immune system - reduced resistance to disease * Impacted heart muscle - weaker * Increased blood pressure * Increased risk of liver cancer * Fatty liver/cirrhosis * Chronic inflammation of stomach and pancreas * Increased risk of osteoporosis
220
What are congeners?
Types of alcohol metabolised once ethanol has been processed - circulating in body longer. Have toxic biproducts.
221
Why does alcohol cause dehydration?
Shifts water balance. Causes greater urination.
222
How does alcohol poisoning affect the body?
Alcohol levels can be lethal. Alcohol affects nerves which affect breathing/gag reflex. If gag reflex not operational could choke/asphyxiate.
223
Diseases caused by long-term alcohol exposure are:
cancers, central nervous system diseases, liver diseases.
224
What are the effects of alcohol on the brain/CNS?
Brain shinkage Compromised intellectual performance Damage to adolescent brains - frontal lobes.
225
What are the effects of alcohol on the cardiovascular system?
under 2 drinks a day: * reduced risk cardiovascular diseases * increased HDL cholesterol * reduced blood clotting * reduced insulin sensitivity * reduced inflammation Too much alcohol: * increase in high blood pressure * increased calories Both increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases
226
How does alcohol contribute to the development of fatty liver/liver disease?
Alcohol provides high energy. If not used, converted to fat in liver. If liver has no time to store fat, fat collects in liver. Not good. If drinking continues, liver develops scar tissue. Damage can be rectified at this stage. If damage continues, cirrhosis occurs, liver cells damaged/die. Irreversible. Alcohol causes hepatitis - chronic inflammation.
227
What is the link to alcohol and cancers?
Alcohol = carcinogen | Ongoing exposure to carcinogen = irritation, development of cancers.
228
Which types of cancers are connected to alcohol?
Esophagus Stomach Mouth Tongue Liver Breast cancer in women (2-6 drinks/week, higher if more than 2 drinks per day). Young women - risk of benign breast disease. 6-7 days drinking week - increased risk breast cancer. Cancer - caused by damage to DNA by acetaldehyde
229
What is alcohol's link to fetal issues?
Alcohol is teratogenic - causes physical abnormalities - dangerous. Drinking in pregnancy - dangerous to fetus - intellectual capacity compromised, learning issues, intellectual disability, organ development compromised in 1st semester. 3rd Semester - CNS development compromised.
230
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
Damage to brain of fetus by alcohol - impair mental development. * Biggest reason for fetal retardation * Higher rate of indigenous babies born with FAS * Can affect to different degrees - can be partially impaired Partial FAS.
231
What is the name of the umbrella capturing all issues relating to fetal alcohol exposure?
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
232
What are the physical symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
* mental impairment * small head * tremors * physical abnormalities (teratogenic) including limbs, heart, brain
233
What are the mental symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
* memory * learning difficulties * attention issues * impulsive * problem-solving difficulties
234
How many drinks per day put a fetus at risk of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
6 per day
235
How to guard against relapse of alcoholism?
* Understand the triggers to drinking * Engage in support group * Keep life stable - no stressful changes * Taking responsibility for decisions/actions * Improving self-esteem
236
Which harmful chemicals are in cigarettes/tabacco products?
``` nicotine formaldehyde arsenic ammonia 69 carcinogens in total ```
237
Heat from smoking is connected to which cancers?
mouth larynx throat
238
What is nicotine's effect on the CNS?
* stimulant - cerebral cortex * stimulates adrenals * causes blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure
239
What are some of the chemical components of tar?
carcinogenic - benzopyrene, phenol (linked to developing lung cancer.
240
How does smoking/nicotine affect hairs and respiratory airways?
Causes hairs to be ineffective. Tar builds up. Hairs (cilia) unable to sweep tar from airways.
241
What connection is there between cigarette smoking and carbon monoxide?
Lit cigarette produces carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide binds to oxygen receptors, affects the RBC ability to carry a full oxygen load. Results - lower circulating oxygen available for cells, brain, heart - increases risk for heart attacks/strokes.
242
What percentage of smokers become addicted?
68%
243
What are the symptoms experienced by smokers when new to smoking?
Nicotine causes nicotine poisoning - symptoms: * dizziness * lightheadedness * pulse = eratic * skin is clammy * nausea * vomiting * diarrhea
244
How quickly can nicotine tolerance develop?
Over months
245
Which chemicals are higher in clove cigarettes?
* tar * nicotine * carbon monoxide * eugenol (numbing agent in cloves
246
How do cigars compare with cigarettes, in relation to chemicals?
* 23 poisons * 43 carcinogens * nicotine - same amount as a few cigarettes
247
What are the problems with Bidis (Indian/South East Asian's cigs)?
* 3 x more carbon monoxide/nicotine | * Wrappers non-porous - inhale deeper
248
What are the two smokeless tobacco options?
1. chewing tobacco | 2. snuff
249
What is chewing tobacco and how is it used?
* Loose leaf, plug, pouch - leaves come with molasses/flavours * Put between lower lip and teeth (dipping) - nicotine going into saliva then bloodstream *
250
What is snuff and how is it used?
* Tobacco - ground into fine powder - inhaled, chewed, put on gums
251
What is Snus and how is it used?
Tobacco placed in bags (like tea bags), sucked on, in cheek - don't need to spit out.
252
What are the concerns with chewing tobacco?
* Damages teeth - discolours them | * Damages jaw bone
253
How does chewing tobacco compare with cigarettes in terms of addiction?
Equal in addiction
254
How high is the connection of smoking tobacco to lung cancer?
85-90% risk
255
What is the risk of developing lung cancer before 85 yrs of age in Australia?
1 in 17
256
How long does it take for lung cancer to develop?
10-30 years
257
Factors involved in the development of lung cancer from tobacco smoking are:
* Qty smoked/daily * How early started smoking * Depth of inhale
258
What are leukoplakia?
White, thicker areas of lining of by mouth. Chemicals from tobacco irritate lining. 3-17% become malignant.
259
Which form of tobacco use is linked with higher incidences of mouth cancers?
Smokeless tobaco use
260
Name cancers linked to tobacco use:
* pancreatic cancer (3 month survival post diagnosis) * kidney * Bladder * Larynx
261
Name cancers linked to smokeless tobacco:
* Larynx * esophagus * nasal cavity * pancreas * colon * kidney * bladder
262
How does smoking tobacco contribute to cardiovascular disease:
* Increase blood pressure * Increase high cholesterol * Plaque in heart and arteries (atherosclerosis) * Reduction of HDL cholesterol (good chol) * Clot formation - RBC stick together - cause stroke * Carbon Monoxide causes angina * Irregular heart rhythm - increase risk heart attack * Reduced oxygen to heart tissue-weaker * Reduced oxygen to brain
263
How does smoking tobacco contribute to respiratory issues?
* Lung damage causes - breathless, cough, more phlegm * Chronic condition = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - emphysema, chronic bronchitis * Inflamed lungs = increase of mucus - bacteria grows in mucus = hacking cough to move phleg.
264
Name two lung conditions with increased risk with tobacco smoking:
1. Higher chance of contracting influenza, colds, pneumonia 2. Emphysema - when alveoli become damaged/die. Impacts gas exchange oxygen/carbon dioxide. Illness means 80% of energy expended on breathing. * If breathing is laboured, heart has to pump with greater strength - increases in size, can lead to heart damage & death.
265
List sexual dysfunction in men associated with tobacco smoking:
* Rise in impotence * Rise in erectile dysfunction * Damage to blood vessels from toxins - reduced blood flow to penis Impotence could suggest heart disease
266
List sexual dysfunction in women associated with tobacco smoking:
* Infertility/pregnancy problems * Ectopic pregnancy * Miscarriage * Still birth * Sudden infant death syndrome * Increased chance of cleft lip/palate * Increased chance of premature birth * Increased chance of low birth weight * Decreased chance of baby survival
267
What are unique risks for women whom smoke tobacco?
* Increased risk - breast cancer * Increased % women dying of lung cancer * Increased risk of osteoporosis, depression, thyroid * Increased risk of following if take the pill - blood clots, heavy menstruation, cramping, irregular menstruation cycle
268
List random health impacts with higher risks associated with smokers:
* gum disease * macular degeneration * premature aging * staining teeth, fingers * bad breath * reduced impact of prescriptive drugs * increase risk Alzheimer's disease
269
What is sidestream smoke?
Smoke from the burning end of the cigarette - secondhand smoke.
270
How does mainstream and sidestream smoke differ in toxicity?
Sidestream smoke has twice more tar and nicotine, five times more carbon monoxide, and fifty times more ammonia. Fifty cancer-causing chemicals in secondhand smoke.
271
What are common withdrawal symptoms with tobacco?
2-4 weeks - frustration, feeling irritable 3 days to 2 weeks - anxiety 1st month - mild depression early after onwards - weight gain
272
What are tips for quitting tobacco?
1. 4 x D's - Delay (put cigarette off 10 mins, then another 10 mins), Deep breathing, Drink water, Do something else. 2. Chew something i.e. toothpick 3. Use nicotine products 4. Have teeth cleaned 5. Be aware of triggers 6. Ask friends/family not to offer cigarettes 7. Avoid places where people smoke 8. Exercise
273
What are common nicotine replacement products used in quitting tobacco smoking/use?
* Nicotine gum - 20mg/day, ween 1-3 months * Lozenges - 12 week program, taper off nicotine * Patch - program reduce nicotine over 3-5 months * Nasals spray - strong - careful not to overdose on nicotine - 40 mg lethal * Inhaler - similar experience to smoking

IDH_Psych (10 decks)

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