Personality Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Who developed the concept of Locus of Control?
A
Julian Rotter (1950s)
2
Q
What is meant by Locus of Control?
A
Refers to the sense of control an individual has over their life and behaviour - does the individual feel like they have control over their life, or that others and situations yield control?
3
Q
What is an internal Locus of Control?
A
When an individual feels in control of the circumstances in their lives and their reactions and responses to these circumstances.
4
Q
Is Locus of Control permanent?
A
No, it can fluctuate from time to time, from one area/domain (work/relationship) to another.
5
Q
What are factors involved in an internal Locus of Control?
A
- Sense of control over life situations
- Obstacles viewed as challenges
- Believe in ability to influence others
- Aim for success
- Feel efficient in day to day jobs
- Higher self-esteem than external locus of control
- Greater self-respect
6
Q
What is an external Locus of Control?
A
When an individual doesn’t feel in control over life events, and feels others or situations have greater control.
7
Q
What are factors involved in an external Locus of Control?
A
- Sense of little control over life situations
- Control seen as fate, luck, other people’s actions
- Feel effort will be unfruitful - don’t try
- Less likely to take responsibility for actions
- Not accepting credit for achievements
- Feel hopeless, no control
- Passive/dismissive
8
Q
What is personality?
A
Psychological characteristics that are underneath an individual’s behaviour, responding to situations and are consistent/ongoing.
9
Q
What are personality types?
A
Groupings (patterns) of characteristics that help distinguish one personality from another.
10
Q
What are personality traits?
A
Particular personality characteristics that influence or generate specific behaviour in differing situations.
11
Q
Who were the three Trait theorists?
A
Allport, Cattell, Eysenck
12
Q
What was Gordon Allport’s approach to personality traits?
A
1920’s - 4,500 words connected with traits
3 categories of traits:
- Cardinal - dominant - informing most behaviour
- Central - 10-15 traits - describing personality
- Secondary - preferences/extraneous personality traits
13
Q
What was Raymond Cattell’s approach to personality?
A
Used Allport’s categories as base
Identified 16 traits - foundation of personality
14
Q
What were Hans Eysenck’s dimensions of personality?
A
- Extroversion
- Neuroticism
- Psychoticism
For Extroversion and Neuroticism, humans have all of these traits, just to varying degrees - expressed differently.
15
Q
What are Costa & McCrae’s big 5 personality super traits?
A
- Openness
- Conscientiousness
- Extroversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
Other Cats Eat Angry Nerds
16
Q
What is Openness according to Costa & McCrae’s big 5 personality super traits?
A
Open to new experiences and ideas
High score - unconventional/independent thinkers
Low score - conventional - familiar over new
17
Q
What is Conscientiousness according to Costa & McCrae’s big 5 personality super traits?
A
The amount of self-disclipline and control
High score - determined/organised
Low score - careless/distracted
18
Q
What is Extraversion according to Costa & McCrae’s big 5 personality super traits?
A
A gauge or sociability
High score - very sociable, energetic, optimistic
Low score - introverted, reserved, independent
19
Q
What is Agreeableness according to Costa & McCrae’s big 5 personality super traits?
A
Trait relating to social interaction
High score - trusting, helpful, soft-hearted
Low score - suspicious, uncooperative
20
Q
What is Neuroticism according to Costa & McCrae’s big 5 personality super traits?
A
Emotional stability/instability
High - anxious, emotionally volatile
Low - calm, well adjusted
21
Q
How do personality traits predict behaviour?
A
- They are consistent over time
2. They are consistent over a multitude of circumstances
22
Q
What is the exception to the rule with personality traits?
A
Personality traits may help predict behaviour when consistent, but expression of traits may vary for different circumstances - generally friendly, but not in certain situations.
23
Q
What are cognitive theories of behaviour?
A
Ones that theorise that people are actively involved in their own personality - having choice over their behaviour and controlling their environment to some degree (Locus of Control - Julian Rotter).
24
Q
What is Expectancy, according to Julian Rotter?
A
The expectation of rewards connected to certain behaviours in certain circumstances. Select environments we can act on. The level of control can have on the rewards. Internal/external Locus of Control impacts or predicts people’s expectation of success or failure.
25
What is the main focus or driving force of Maslow's Hierarchy of needs?
Self-actualisation/growth
26
What are the sequential order of needs?
From bottom up:
1. Physiological needs: food, water, sleep, warmth
2. Safety needs - security, safety
3. Belongingness/love needs - intimate relationships/friends
4. Esteem needs - prestige/feeling of accomplishment
5. Self-actualisation - full potential/fulfilled
27
Does Maslow suggest being self-actualised is a permanent position once reached?
No, changes, fluctuates - no perfect human.
28
What is a self-actualised person?
Someone who is open to growth, self aware, aware of growth.
29
How does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs help in the healthcare setting?
It can identify where client's are on the continuum of self-actualisation, then can support client to move through the various stages, to experience fulfilment and improve health outcomes.
30
Why is it important to understand someone's personality?
It enables to predict ways in which the client may respond or behave and can plan accordingly, or adjust options to be more suitable.
31
Why is it important to be aware of your own personality traits?
To be aware of how your personality interacts and responds to the client's, are whether you are able to be accommodating to the client's needs based on your own personality.
32
In Dollard and Miller's Stimulus-Response model of personality, what are primary drives?
Psychological in nature, the primary drives are: hunger, thirst, sleep, pain avoidance - reducing needs, reinforces drive. The closer reinforcement occurs to the the response to needs, the stronger the reinforcement. Primary reinforcement - food, sleep, water - meet primoary needs.
33
How is the Dollard and Miller Stimulus-Response model related to personality?
Once stimulus-response association is established due to reoccurrence, D & M say a habit forms. They view personality as a collection of learned habits.
34
In Dollard and Miller's S-R model, what is a secondary drive?
A drive to satisfy a primary need. Primary drive - food - secondary drive - setting regular meal times. Secondary reinforcer - neutral items now associated with meeting primary drives - money (secondary reinforcer) - enables purchasing of food.
35
What type of theory is Dollard & Miller's S-R model?
Cognitive - personality/behaviour is internal.
36
From Bandura's point of view, which personal factors are involved and influence a person?
Cognitions
Emotions
Biological variables
= interact with behaviour/environment - bidirectional - behaviour/environment can influence/trigger cognitions, emotions, biological variables.
37
According to Bandura, what is Reciprical Causation?
Influence of multiple factors on personality (behaviour, environment, personal)
38
What does Bandura mean by Proxy Agency?
Person commandeered to help meet personal needs.
39
What does Bandura mean by Personal Agency?
Personal belief in being able to better things for self.
40
What does Bandura mean by Collective Agency?
Group comes together, makes collective improvements to assist broader community.
41
How does Bandura explain Personality?
Become ourselves through our learning, which gives understanding to our behaviour. Children learn how to behaviour through observation, which influences who they are, their personality.
42
List some of the factors involved in humanistic personality theories:
* Emphasis - personal growth
* Humans - viewed positively
* Focus of human theories - present moment
* Focus of humanistic approach - free will/personal responsibility
* Each human - unique/own expert
* Humanistic therapist - help client identify own issues/find solutions
43
What does Maslow mean by Instinctoid Tendencies/needs?
Basic needs - water, food, shelter, warmth
| Differentiate between lower physical needs and higher psychological needs.
44
Which two motives are included in Maslow's humanistic approach?
1. Deficiency motives - need to meet basic needs - high motivation to meet needs = survival
2. Growth motives (B motives) - increase once met = potential to grow/change - new experiences, more knowledge, developing skills - motivates to continue as exciting to grow/develop
45
What are the two types of love according to Maslow?
1. D-Love - love fulfilling a deficiency need - we want love for ourselves to meet our need for belonging. Need to be desired, affection.
2. B-Love Being-love - it's the love we have for others - unconditional, selfless, valuing others. To love others, demonstrate starting to self-actualise.
46
What is Being Cognition (Maslow/Self-Actualisation)?
Thinking without judgement - characteristic of the self-actualiser. Transient thinking - not good to have no judgement at all.
47
What are 8 ways B-Cognition is manifested (Maslow/Self-Actualisation):
1. Absorbed in activity
2. Specific goals in activity
3. Involved in challenging activities - requires concentration
4. So engaged in activity, other parts of life don't distract
5. So engrossed in activity - self-needs on hold
6. Lose sense of time when engaged in activity
7. Feel in control of the activity
8. Cognisant of progression
48
How does Maslow understand mental health issues?
* Stem from needs not being met
* More severe the mental illness, greater the need isn't being met
* Psychological impact of basic needs - not just physical
49
How did Maslow approach/assist people with mental issness?
Supported them in self-actualising.
| Used Psychoanalysis when required.
50
List some general facts relating to Carl Rogers' humanistic theory or personality:
* People create/shape own life
* People are experts of themselves
* Therapist role - help client identify issues/find solutions
* Existential humanistic approach - understanding why we exist, motivation underlying existence
* Phenomenological approach (phenomena - experiences/5 x senses-info)
* Perception - subjective (didn't agree objective reality)
* Mood affects type of personality
* Like Maslow, believed in self-actualisation
51
What is Carl Rogers' understanding of self-actualisation?
* Everyone - motivation to grow/develop to full potential - self-actualise
* If self-actualisation prevented = psych illnesses develop
* Main motivator in life - self-actualisation - biological - meet basic needs, psychological - healthy human
* Each human has blueprint to flourish - needs met through environment
* Unconditional Positive Regard req for healthy development - often conditions of worth are applied
* Lack of self-actualisation can lead to depression/feeling disconnected
52
What are conditions of worth in relation to Carl Rogers' humanistic theory of personality?
* Conditions of worth (others' opinions/judgements) used to evaluate behaviour
* Undermine Unconditional Positive Regard
* Can hamper self-actualisation
* Other's conditions of worth placed on us, influences perspective of self - self concept - we internalise their conditions of worth
* Self concept + conditions of worth - question personal adequacy
* Conditions of can hinder self-actualisation
* Conditions of worth from childhood outdated in adulthood, but still inform self-concept
* Take on others' opinions due to need for positive regard
* Closer self and self-concept are, the more psychologically stable we are
* COW can lower sense of self-worth. Once established, hard to change, influences behaviour
53
How does the level of conditions of worth from others affect adult functioning?
* Lower conditions of worth - higher functioning - less judgement from others
* Higher conditions of worth - lower functioning - more judgement than acceptance.
Healthier/more accurate perspective of life/world with lower conditions of worth.
54
What is a fully functioning person in relation to Carl Rogers' theory?
* High self-acceptance, self-esteem, self-concept
* Low conditions of worth
* Organismic worth informs their self-worth - internal evaluation
* Open to experiences
* Behaviour/self-concept/organismic value - all in agreement
55
What is orgasmic value according to Carl Rogers?
Its who we are at our core
56
What was Carl Rogers' approach to mental health issues?
Mental health issues caused by high conditions of worth.
Approach to supporting mental health issues - assist through creating environment that allows individual to thrive/self-actualise.
57
What is the Rogerian counselling principles?
* Human nature is positive in essence
* Positive environment required for client
* Goals are same - counselling/life
* Aim - pin point conditions of worth and their affects
* Aim - restore self-concept (in alignment with organismic self
* Aim - reduce discrepancy between self-concept and ideal self
58
What is the 'Ideal Self' according to Carl Rogers?
When conditions of worth are high, often compare our self-concept to an ideal of who we want to be. When this ideal is far from our self-concept, our self-esteem will be low. If self-concept and ideal self are similar, we are accepting of ourselves = higher self-esteem.
59
What are trait theorists trying to establish?
Causal relationship between traits/characteristics and behaviour. Predict behaviour from traits displayed.
60
What is the current understanding of traits in relation to behaviour?
Traits (personality/dispositions) plus situational factors influence behaviour.
61
Did Gordon Allport think personality traits could predict behaviour?
NO
62
Where did Gordon Allport believe persistent traits originated from?
Physical place in nervous system
63
What is a nomothetic approach to personality?
Classification of common personality traits - dominant, happy
64
How did Allport explain personal disposition in relation to personality?
Traits specific/unique to an individual
65
What were Allport's three classifications of traits?
1. Cardinal - single/dominant trait, influencing behaviour
2. Central - 5-10 traits that reflect a person's personality
3. Secondary - traits that reflect personal preferences - specific to specific situations
66
How did Allport explain origins of self-esteem?
Born from integration with family and wider community/society
67
What did Allport mean by "proprium"?
Synonym for self - believed self made up of many components
| Self - main focus of personality
68
How many words did Allport identify relating to personality traits?
18 000
69
How many words did Allport attribute to the description of personality traits?
4 500
70
List main points of trait theorist, Raymond Cattell (Analytic Approach - 1965)
* Focus - structure of personality
* Found many traits listed by Allport to be similar
* Saw traits as characteristics that predict behaviour
* Saw traits as consistent/stable - building blocks of personality
* Called genetic established traits - constitutional
* Environmentally triggered traits - Environmental
* Understood interaction of nature/nurture
*
71
What was the statistical procedure developed by Cattell to reflect the contribution of genetic based and environmentally based personality traits?
Multiple Abstract Variance Analysis (MAVA)
72
What are three types of traits identified by Cattell?
1. Ability - relating to situations/achievement
2. Temperament - styles of achieving goals
3. Dynamic - motivation/energy
73
What are three types of Dynamic traits as identified by Cattell?
1. Attitudes - interests, predicts behaviours
2. Sentiments - complex attitudes - opinons
3. ERGS - innate drives - brings fulfilment of drives
74
How did Cattell describe Dynamic traits and their interaction with each other?
Like lattice - complex, interwoven, intertwined with each other. Attitudes of others, mood affected the expression of these Dynamic traits.
75
How did Cattell understand "common" traits?
Every human has traits in common. Cattell's focus was common traits.
76
How did Cattell see "unique" traits?
Not so common. Each individual has own set of unique traits that compliment common traits - unique blend for each individual.
77
How did Cattell understand "surface" traits?
Traits that are associated to main, 'source' traits - further describe/embellish source trait
78
How did Cattell understand "Source" traits?
Source traits is foundational to personality. Surface traits express source traits and influence behaviour. Important to identify source traits to understand personaity.
79
Where did Cattell get his traits list from?
Allport's 4 500 word list.
80
When Cattell removed synonyms from Allport's list, how many trait names was he left with?
171
81
After Cattell rated 171 traits, how many surface/other traits were identified, and how many personality traits are common to human personality?
46
36 Surface traits
10 other traits
82
How many traits did Cattell identify through factor analysis that provided the underlying structure of personality?
16
| Developed 16 personality questionnaire
83
Name the three main trait theorists?
Allport
Cattell
Eysenck
84
What are the three personality types identified by Eysenck?
1. Extroversion
2. Neuroticism
3. Psychotism (neuroticism minus fear - more extreme neurotic behaviour)
85
How did Eysenck see habitual responses?
responses that an individual repeated - collectively considered to by habitual responses
86
How did Eysenck see personality traits?
Collections of habitual responses
87
How did Eysenk see a collection of personality traits?
As Super traits or personality type
88
Explain the build of responses to personality type according to Eysenk:
1. repeated responses = habitual
2. collection of habitual responses = personality traits
3. collection of personality traits = super traits or personality type
89
Eysenk thought everyone had traits of two of his three super traits. Which two?
Extroversion / neuroticism
90
Did Eysenk believe personality determined by genetics could be modified by environmental factors?
Yes
91
Did Eysenk develop a personality questionnaire?
yes
92
What degree of personality variance did Eysenk ascribe to biology/genetics?
2/3
93
Was Eysenk a behavourist?
Yes
94
What's the acronym for Costa & McCrae's Big 5 Theory?
OCEAN
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Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
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