ENS 307 Exam #1

Question 1

Validity

Answer 1

does the test measure what it is supposed to measure

Question 2

Reliability

Answer 2

does the test give the same result on multiple occasions

Question 3

Objectivity

Answer 3

is the test independent of bias?

whenever “bias” parameter is around - responses will be different (multiple choice vs. essay)

Question 4

Novelty

Answer 4

is the test independent prior to learning?
learning level of 1st time (new) - base level of learning
everything from now on will be compared to the base level

Question 5

Gross skills

Answer 5

involves large musculature

Question 6

Fine skills

Answer 6

involves small musculature; dominated by the fine motor skills (manipulation; dexterity)

Question 7

Empirical terms

Answer 7

test providing measurement based on change in performance

Question 8

Ecological validity

Answer 8

does it transfer into a practical setting?

Question 9

Continuous

Answer 9

ongoing
repetitive
no distinct beginning or end
cyclical

Question 10

Discrete

Answer 10

distinct beginning and end
one shot effort
single response

Question 11

Reaction time

Answer 11

time between the onset of a stimulus and the first overt response

Question 12

Open

Answer 12

unpredictable
constantly changing
non-stereotypical: non-stationary

Question 13

Closed

Answer 13

predictable

stereotypical: stationary

Question 14

Dependent variable

Answer 14

what is measured

Question 15

Independent variable

Answer 15

what is manipulated

manipulate to see change in dependent variable

Question 16

Regulatory conditions

Answer 16

things that impact performance (crowd noise)

Question 17

Non-regulatory conditions

Answer 17

things that do not impact performance

Question 18

Phychophysical effect

Answer 18

we tend to overestimate/underestimate, so things are put in the center

Question 19

Absolute error (AE)

Answer 19

amount of error without regard to the sign of the score (does not tell us the direction)

Question 20

Algebraic error (CE)

Answer 20

amount of error with regard to the sign of the score (gives a score that is not very accurate)

Question 21

Variable error (VE)

Answer 21

standard deviation of the CE (consistency)

Question 22

Kinematics

Answer 22

study of movement w/o regard to the force or mass

Question 23

Kinetics

Answer 23

study of movement w/ regard to force and mass

Question 24

Electromyography (EMG)

Answer 24

study of bioelectric signal associated w/ muscle contraction (between +/- electrodes)

Question 25

Brain imaging

Answer 25

study of electrical activity in specific areas on the surface of the cortex

Question 26

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 26

track positively charged electrons to measure brain activity

Question 27

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer 27

detects changes in blood flow by detecting oxygenation characteristics while performing skills

Question 28

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 28

short burst of magnetic waves is directed at specific part of the cortex, pulse disrupts normal activity and researchers observe behavior when that part of the brain is not functioning

Question 29

Performance

Answer 29

behavioral act of executing a skill at a specific time and in a specific situation

Question 30

Learning

Answer 30

change in the capability of a person to perform a skill; must be inferred from a relatively permanent improvement in performance as a result of practice or experience

Question 31

Amount of learning

Answer 31

absolute learning from one level of performance to another (how much change has occurred)

Question 32

Rate of learning

Answer 32

rate of the change in performance (speed of change or "slope")

Question 33

Performance (5 levels)

Answer 33

``` improvement consistency stability persistence adaptability ```

Question 34

Retention test

Answer 34

retain information over a given period of time (curve is maintained it is assumed the skill has been learned)

Question 35

Transfer test

Answer 35

if curve is maintained as transfer occurs from one situation to another it is assumed the skill has been learned

Question 36

Asymptote

Answer 36

leveling off in performance due to an internal limitation

Question 37

Ceiling effect (floor effect)

Answer 37

leveling off in performance due to external limitations

Question 38

Plateau

Answer 38

temporary leveling off in performance followed by additional improvement with practice

Question 39

Phantom plateau

Answer 39

is not really there if it is there...something is not right, factors coming into play need to be changed

Question 40

Tapering, shaving, peaking

Answer 40

PERIODIZATION; planned long-term variation of the volume and intensity of training to prevent overtraining and promote optimal performance at the desired time

Question 41

Macrocycle

Answer 41

quadrennium | 1 year of training

Question 42

Mesocycle

Answer 42

greater than 2 contained in the macrocycle | pre-season/off-season

Question 43

Microcycle

Answer 43

greater than 2 contained in the mesocycle | range anywhere from 1-4 weeks

Question 44

Linear

Answer 44

gradually progressive microcycle increases in intensity over time

Question 45

Nonlinear

Answer 45

alternative model focuses on large daily fluctuations in the loads and volumes