ENT Descriptions

Question 1

inflammation of tonsils and rest of pharyngeal mucosa, usually associated with either coryzal type illness or a respiratory tract infection

Answer 1

acute pharyngitis

Question 2

Main bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis?

Answer 2

beta-haemolytic streptococcus

Question 3

Abscess that forms in between the tonsil capsule, may be spontaneous or after tonsillitis

Answer 3

peritonsillar abscess

Question 4

triad of pharyngitis, fever and cervical lymphadenopathy

Answer 4

glandular fever

Question 5

Infectious mononucleosis

Answer 5

triad of pharyngitis, fever and cervical lymphadenopathy but also including lypmhocytosis with atypical lymphocytes

Question 6

What causes 90% of Infectious mononucleosis?

Answer 6

EBV

Question 7

Spread of infection from tonsil or quinsy through superior constrictor muscle of pharynx

Answer 7

parapharyngeal space

Question 8

Tends to occur in children following suppuration of retropharyngeal lymph node after bacterial or viral sore throat

Answer 8

retropharyngeal abscess

Question 9

Thrush of the mouth and pharynx, causing sore throat

Answer 9

oral candida

Question 10

usually caused by Haem influenzae type B, incidence peaks at ages 3, 7 and during adulthood

Answer 10

epiglottitis

Question 11

Now uncommon condition resulting from group A strep infection

Answer 11

scarlet fever

Question 12

Rare in UK due in immunisations, caused by Corynebacterium diptheriae, can affect multiple body sytems

Answer 12

diptheria

Question 13

Drugs such as what can cause neutropenia which predisposes patients to pharyngeal ulceration and oropharyngeal infections

Answer 13

carbimazole and sulfalazine

Question 14

Patients with allergic rhinitis are sensitized to specific allergens and have what antibodies for relevant allergens

Answer 14

IgE

Question 15

Vasomotor rhinitis or nasal polyps

Answer 15

non-allergic rhinitis

Question 16

Is acute infective rhinotsinusitis viral or bacterial?

Answer 16

98% are viral

Question 17

Collection of blood between perichondrium and septal cartilage

Answer 17

septal haematoma

Question 18

Infection or paranasal sinuses which can be bacterial or funfal

Answer 18

sinusitis

Question 19

Which bacteria mainly cause sinusitis?

Answer 19

strep pneumonia/haem influenza

Question 20

progressive, usually bilateral sensorineural hearing loss in elderly

Answer 20

prebycusis

Question 21

Loss of cochlear outer hair cells, ganglion cell loss in vestibulocochlear nerve fibres and atrophy of the striae

Answer 21

prebycusis

Question 22

benign subarachnoid tumours that cause problems with local pressure

Answer 22

acoustic neuroma/vestibular schwannoma

Question 23

Inflammation of middle ear with accumulation of fluid, peak age is 3 years

Answer 23

OME

Question 24

What should you suspect in adults with OME?

Answer 24

post nasal space tumour

Question 25

fundamental probelm is with dysfunction of Eustachian tubes

Answer 25

OME

Question 26

Is OME commoner in boys or girls?

Answer 26

boys

Question 27

What other factors make OME more common?

Answer 27

winter time, Down's syndrome, primary ciliary dyskinesia | children of smokers

Question 28

Most common bacterial causes of AOM?

Answer 28

strep pneumonia, haem influenze, strep pyogenes

Question 29

often a URI infoving middle ear by extension of infection up the eustachian tube

Answer 29

AOM

Question 30

Active squamous chronic otitis media

Answer 30

cholesteatoma

Question 31

Is cholesteatoma a tumour?

Answer 31

no

Question 32

What predisposes to TMJ dysfunction?

Answer 32

teeth grinding and stress Depression Ehlers Danlos

Question 33

Middle ear pressure cannot be equalized during descent in aircraft or diving, causing damage

Answer 33

barotrauma

Question 34

inflammation of outer ear canal

Answer 34

otitis externa

Question 35

Bacterial causes of otitis externa?

Answer 35

staph aureus, proteus spp, pseudomonas aerg

Question 36

Fungal causes of otitis externa?

Answer 36

aspergillus niger, candida albicans

Question 37

Associated with vestibular portion of vestibulocochlear nerve, occurs within temporal bone and represents 80-90% of cerebellopontine angle tumours

Answer 37

vestibular schwannoma

Question 38

Commonest cause of vertigo on looking up

Answer 38

BPPV

Question 39

Caused by otoliths breaking off from vestibule of labyrinth and getting into semicircular canal

Answer 39

BPPV

Question 40

Floppy tissue above vocal cord falls into airway when a child breathes in present at birth

Answer 40

Laryngomalcia

Question 41

shearing force to auricle leads to separation of anterior perichondrium for the underlying cartilage tearing of blood vessels

Answer 41

pinna haematoma

Question 42

bony hypertrophy from cold exposure

Answer 42

extoses

Question 43

secreted in outer 3rd of canal

Answer 43

wax

Question 44

Common in patients under 5 and adults with learning difficulties, causes a lot of inflammation

Answer 44

foreign bodies in ear

Question 45

80% of temporal bone fractures

Answer 45

longitudinal

Question 46

Can cross the internal acousitc meatus causing damage to the auditory and facial nerves

Answer 46

transverse temporal fracture

Question 47

80% of temporal bone fractures

Answer 47

longitudinal temporal fracture

Question 48

Can cross the internal acousitc meatus causing damage to the auditory and facial nerves

Answer 48

transverse temporal fracture

Question 49

often associated with non allergic asthma

Answer 49

nasal polyps

Question 50

autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance

Answer 50

otosclerosis

Question 51

vascular spongy bone replaces normaly bone or otic capsule, particularly around oval windoq

Answer 51

otosclerosis

Question 52

What are symptoms of otosclerosis made worse by?

Answer 52

pregnancy, menstruation, menopause