ENT summary flashcards

Question 1

what are the 4 bilateral paraympathetic ganglion of the head and neck?

Answer 1

CN3 - ciliary
CN 6 - pterygopalatine
CN 9 - submandibular
CN X - otic ganglion

Question 2

what are the arterial supplies of epistaxis?

Answer 2

opthalamic artery - antieror + posterior ethmoid artery
maxillary artery - sphenopalatine artery + greater palatine artery
facial artery - septal branch of superior labial artery

Question 3

histology of nasal vestibule

Answer 3

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 4

histology of olfactory epithelium

Answer 4

specialised mucosa for olfaction

Question 5

the olfaction pathway

Answer 5

receptor cells in olfactory epithelium > cribiform plate > synapse with olfactory bulb > neurons pass along olfactory tract > to temporal lobe + olfactory areas

Question 6

describe tensor tympani muscle

Answer 6

runs from cartilaginous part of ET to handle of malleolus

dampens sound by reducing tympanic vibrations

Question 7

what is tensor tympani innervate by

Answer 7

CN 3

Question 8

what is the stapedius muscle

Answer 8

runs from pyramidal to neck of stapes

dampens sound by decreaseing vibration of stapes on oval window

Question 9

what is stapidus muscle innervated by

Answer 9

CN VII

Question 10

which muscles open ET to equalise pressure?

Answer 10

palate muscles

tensor veli palatine + levator palatine

Question 11

what happens if the ATM >tymp membrane

Answer 11

tympanic membrane pushes in

Question 12

what happens in ATM < tymp membrane

Answer 12

TM pushes out

Question 13

which CN is responsible for generalised sensation of tympanic cavity?

Answer 13

CN IX (it travels down the ET)

Question 14

which CN innervates the back of the ear? (orange)

Answer 14

C2,3 via lesser occipital nerve

Question 15

which CN innervates speckles on the inside of ear? yelllow

Answer 15

CN VII

Question 16

which CN innervates the larger surface area of extenrnal ear? purple

Answer 16

C2,3 spinal nerves via greater auricular nerve

Question 17

which CN innervates the medial part of extenral ear ? green

Answer 17

CN V3 via auriculotemporal nerve

Question 18

which CN innervates inferior parts of EAM + tympanic membrane ? blue

Answer 18

CN X

Question 19

what is the bony labrinth filled with?

Answer 19

perilymph

Question 20

what is the membranous labrynth filed with ?

Answer 20

endolymph

Question 21

what is the parasympathetic secretomotor supply of the facial nerve?

Answer 21

lacrimal gland + minor glands of nasal cavity, palate and nasopharynx

Question 22

where is the primary auditory cortex located?

Answer 22

left superior temporal gyrus

broadman area 41/42

Question 23

what are the muscles of the inner ear?

Answer 23

kinocilium + stereocilium

Question 24

how do each afferent takes fibres reach the brainstem ?

Answer 24

CN 7 - chorda tymapni branch of facial nerve - anterior 2/3rds of tongue
CN IX - posterior 1/3rd of tongue
CN x - areas other than the tongue eg epiglottis + pharynx

Question 25

what is bechets disease?

Answer 25

recurrent oral + genital ulcers uveitis visceral organs

Question 26

treatment for bacterial sore throat

Answer 26

penicllin

Question 27

complcaitions of bacterial sore throat

Answer 27

rheumatic fever - 3 weeks post sore throat, fever, arthritis, pancarditis glomerulonephritis - 1-3 weeks post sore throat, haematomy, albuminuria + oedema

Question 28

what is included in the centor criteria

Answer 28

tonsillary exudate tender anterior cervical lymph nodes history of fever > 38 absence of cough

Question 29

describe the charcateristcs of diptheria?

Answer 29

severe sore throat with a grey membrane across the pharynx

Question 30

how to treat diptheria

Answer 30

penicillin | vaccine

Question 31

treatment of candida

Answer 31

nyastin / fluconazole

Question 32

treatment of OE

Answer 32

topical aural toilet + clomitrazole

Question 33

treatment of acute sinusisit

Answer 33

phenoxymethylpenicillin if >10 days

Question 34

histology of cholesteatoma

Answer 34

abnormal squamoous epithelium where its normally cuboidal or columnar glandular epithelium

Question 35

describe vestibular scwannoma

Answer 35

- temporal bone | 90% Of cerebellopontine angle tumours

Question 36

if vestibular scwannoma presents bilaterally in a young patient what do you suspect?

Answer 36

NF2

Question 37

is GPA ANCA + or -

Answer 37

+

Question 38

describe schneriderian papilloma

Answer 38

>50 males blocked nose inverted + oncocystic on lateral walls + paranasal sinuses, enophytic on nasal septum

Question 39

describe paraganglioma

Answer 39

tumours arising in clusters of neuroendocrine cells dispersed through the body chromaffin + (adrenal medulla) or - (aortic/carotid bodies)

Question 40

what is warthrins tumour?

Answer 40

2nd most common benign tumour M >50 smoking association bilateral and multicentric

Question 41

what is the most common malignant tumour of the palate?

Answer 41

adenoid cystic

Question 42

what is the courseof CN XII

Answer 42

medulla - hypoglossal canal - descends close to carotid sheath - courses lateral to hypoglossus into floor of mouth

Question 43

which space allows for infction to spread to the mediastinum?

Answer 43

retropharyngeal space

Question 44

sensory component of gag reflex, innervated by what?

Answer 44

stimuli presented to posterior 1/3 of tongue | innervated by CN IX

Question 45

motor component of gag reflex, innervated by what

Answer 45

closes off orophaarynx by muscular contraction constriction of pharynx - CN X longitudinal muscles of pharynx CN IX + X tongue - CN XII selt palate - CN X

Question 46

describe what the thyroarytenoid muscle does?

Answer 46

relaxes vocal ligament decreases pitch attaches posterior thyroid to anterior arytenoid cartilage

Question 47

describe what the cricothyroid muscle does?

Answer 47

tenses vocal ligaments increases pitch nods thyroid cartilage attaches anteriolateral cricoid cartialge to inferior horn of thyroid cartilage

Question 48

what innervates mucosa above vocal folds?

Answer 48

internal laryngeal nevre

Question 49

what innervates mucosa below vocal folds?

Answer 49

inferior laryngeal nerve

Question 50

describe noise induced hearing loss

Answer 50

dip at 4htz

Question 51

drug induced hearing loss

Answer 51

gentamicin + aminoglucosides

Question 52

pathology behind BPPV

Answer 52

otoconia from urticle displcaement into posterior semicurcular canals

Question 53

histology of tonsils

Answer 53

speciliased squamous

Question 54

histology of adenoids

Answer 54

ciliated pseudosratified columnar

Question 55

which classificaiton is used for allergic rhinitis?

Answer 55

ARIA