the host is infected with parasite that does not undergo any required development
paratenic host
disease of humans acquired from animals
Anthropozoonosis
The disease is interchangable between people and other invertebrates.
Amphixenosis
disease restricted to humans that evolved from infections of lower animals
Anthroponoses
disease of domestic animals acquired from wild animals
Zootherionosis
disease of domestic animal species is passed to a different domestic animal species
Zootithasonosis
Wild animals are infected with disease from domestic animals
Theriotithasonosis
Three functional groups or segmentation in the body of the Subphylum Hexapoda
head, thorax, abdomen
the thin outermost layer of cuticle composed largely of proteins and covered by a waxy layer, making it impermeable to water
Epicuticle
Movement is made possible: Division of cuticle into separate plates
sclerites
segments in the thorax of an insect
Prothorax, Mesothorax, Metathorax
Part of the thorax that bear wings
Mesothorax and Metathorax
oviparous
lay eggs
ovoviviparous
retain the eggs and hatch within the oviduct
viviparous
live birth
external genitalia in male anthropods
aedeagus
The instar in each stage resemble their parents except that they are smaller
Hemimetabolous (simple) Metamorphosis
the juvenile instar is worm-like, grow in size and molt
Holometabolous (Complex) Metamorphosis
appendages are free and are not usually encapsulated
Exarate
The appendages are attached closely to the body and are commonly encapsulated
Obectate pupa
basically an exarate pupa but is enclosed in a hardened cuticle of the last larval instar
Coarctate
Club-shaped balancing organs and are located where
Halters : metathorax
“true flies” and are described with having one pair of functional forewings
Diptera
Nematocerans breed where
aquatic or semiaquatic habitats
dorsal sclerites
Tergum
Ventral sclerites
Sternum
lateral sclerites
Pleuron/Pleura
“upper lip”
Labrum
paired upper jaws/ gripping, bitting, cutting
Mandible
paired lower/ secondary jaws, presents with sensory maxillary palps
maxillae
from the floor of the mouth and acts as a tongue
Hypopharynx
“lower lip” : present with labial palps
labium
Is modified into labella/labellum which have grooves allowing for sponging of fluid/secretions
Labium
fowl borreliasis
Borrelia anserina
Mammalian mosquitoes
Anopheles / Anopheline mosquito
Avian mosquitoes
Culex /
Describe sandflies
Family Psychodidae
Genus Phlebotomus / Lutzomiya
hairy appearance
Breed in moist cracks, crevices and burrows
Some require freshwater, others saltwater habitats
Some can breed in water-filled holes on trees and other vegetations
Ceratopogonidae
Culicoides
“Biting midges”
Breed only in running water, on partly submerged stone, twigs or vegetation
Family Simuliidae
Genus Simulium
“blackflies”
Eggs of Anopheles
Laid singly, boat-shaped, has lateral floats
Rest with abdomen directed away from resting surface; Proboscis and abdomen in straight line
Genus Anopheles
Crepuscular Culicidae
Crepuscular feeders (mosquito)
Anopheles
Nocturnal Culicidae
Culex and Aedes
Family Simuliidae are vectors of what diseases
Genus Simulium
-Eastern Equine encephalitis virus
-Leucocytozoon anatis
-Onchocerca spp.
Diseases of Ceratopogonidae
Genus Culicoides
Bluetongue disease
host: sheep and ruminants
Queensland itch
Family Ceratopogonidae
Genus Culicoides
“Biting midges”
Host: Horses
This nematoceran fly does not suck blood, but instead lacerates the skin and imbibes the blood that pooled around the wound
Family Simuliidae
Genus Simulium
Prevention and Control of Nematoceran (Medicine given)
Pyrethroid-containing insecticides/ repellants
Deltamethrin collars
Permethrin and imidocloprid spot-in formulas
Define Suborder Brachycera
-Large flies with strong broad-shaped wings
-antenna : 3 segments
-obtectate pupa
-Only females require blood meals (slashing/lacerating mouthparts)
Common name of Family Tabanidae
“Horseflies/ deerflies”
the mouthpart that laps up blood
Labella
Intermediate host of the causative agent of Surra (Brachyceran)
Tabanus spp.
Trypanosoma evansi
Host: Horses, camels, elephants, dogs
Nagana
Typanosoma brucei
Diseases carried by Tabanus spp.
-Trypanosoma brucei (Nagana)
-Trypanosoma evansi (surrah)
-Trypanosoma equinum (mal de caderas)
-T. gambience, T. rhodensience (african sleeping sickness)
Disease carried by Chrysops dimidiata
Loa loa (filarial eyeworm) - humans, mammals
Francisella tularensis - deer
Haematopota spp. diseases
African Sleeping sickness
Feeding behavior of Tabanid Flies
Diurnals
Only females are blood feeders
Do all larvae instars feed in Tabanid flies
No,
Stage 1 & 2 do not feed
Stage 3 and onwards feed and are carnivorous
Repellants used against Tabanid (Brachyceran) flies
-DEET: diethyltoluamide
-zebra stripes
Genus under Family Tabanidae
- Tabanus
- Chrysops
- Haematopota
How do horseflies locate their prey?
Through movement, warmth and the CO2 it breaths out.
Where do Haematopota usually bites
around the ankles since they tend to fly low
Where do Tabanus usually bite
they buzz loudly
bite ankles, legs or back of the knees
