long, contractile fiber, arising from a basal body;
may be single or several
Flagellum
Plural: Flagella
Prolongation of the cytoplasm
Pseudopodia
Short, fine, contractile fibers that cover the entire body surface and beats in unison
Cillia
asexual mode of reproduction that occurs mainly in apicomplexan / sporozoans and in some amoebas.
Schizogony / Merogony (Multiple fission)
Sexual mode of reproduction:
simple exchange of gametic nuclei between paired organisms.
Synagamy, Conjugation
occurs after a period of asexual reproduction via schizogony, in which haploid merozoites are produced, which can later fuse and create a zygote.
Gametogony
The stage of parasitic protozoan that is considered infective (found inside a IH)
Sporozoite
Term for a parasitic protozoan that HAS ALREADY INFECTED A HOST and has begun feeding and growing
Trophozoite
Term only applies to the daughter cells produced via schizogony/multiple fission
Merozoite
Development of the parasite is restricted to a single host
Monoxenous Life cycle
the development of the parasite requires 2 or more hosts, with the mature stages developing in IH, while the mature stage is completed in the DH
Heteroxenous Life cycle
“the flagellates”
Subphylum Mastigophora
Kinetoplast and kinetosome just posterior to nucleus: undulating membrane runs forward
Tryptomastigote form
Trypanosoma form found in DH
Trypomastigote
Trypanosoma form found in IH
Epimastigote, Promastigote, Amastigote
Dourine
Trypanosoma equiperdum
DH: Horse
MOI: Coitus
Predilection site of Leishmania
IH:
Forms present
PS: Macrophages, Reticuloendothelial cells, Lymph nodes
IH: Phlebotomus (Promastigote form)
DH: Amastigote form
Disease: Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis
Flagellate parasites that have been in the caecum and colon.
Pear-shaped and presents a rod-like axostyle that runs through the cell and protrudes at the posterior end.
3 to 5 free flagella at the anterior end and 1 attached flagellum running along the edge.
Family Trichomonadidae
PS: caecum, colon
can be seen in fecal smears (often in rolling motion)
Cattle: can infect reproductive organs and cause infertility, embryonic death and abortion, and pyometra in cows.
Tritrichomonas foetus
Causes necrotic ulcerations of esophagus, crop, proventiculus
Host: birds
MOI: feco-oral
Pear-shaped, 4 free flagella, 1 attached flagella
Trichomonas gallinae
PS: cecum, liver
MOI: ingestion of Heterakis gallinarum eggs
DS: blackhead disease in turkeys, fowls
Histomonas meleagridis
Contains only a single nucleus, presents a large adhesive disc and a bilaterally symmetrical body.
Family Giardiidae
Treatment for Giardia
Metronidazole, Tinidazole,
Benzimidazoles: Fenbendazole
Number of nuclei of the ff:
Histolytica
Coli
Bovis
Gingivalis
Histolytica:4
Coli:8
Bovis:1
Gingivalis: none
How many months should a cow infected with T. foetus be given of sexual rest?
4 months
infected males are to be culled
Causes rare but fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
Family Vahlkampfiidae
Naegleria fowleri
Treatment against Naegleria fowleri
Amphotericin B, Fluconazole
Azithromycin
Rifampin
Miltefosine
PS: Large intestines
Normal commensal of rat and pig:
Both trophozoite and cysts posses elongated macronucleus and smaller micronucleus
Balatidium coli
DS: balantidiases / large bowel ulceration
Both cyst and trophozoites are found in feces
PS: skin, gill, fins
causes White spot disease
Ichthyopthirius multifilis
PS: skin, gill, fins, urogenital tract
causes skin and gill damage
It is the most documented ciliate fount in Nile Tilapias in the Philippines
Trichodina
Treatment against Ichthyopthirius multifilis and Trichodina
Chemical treatment of water using Copper sulfate and Formalin
Treatment against Balatidium coli
Tetracycline & Metronidazole
Diploid spores as a result of sporogony;
Found inside the sporulated oocyt; the infective stage
Sporozoite
Eimeria found in the Middle S.I
Eimeria necatrix
Eimeria found in the anterior S.I
E. acervulina
E. hagana
E. praecox
E. maxima
E. mivati
Eimeria found in the cecum
Eimeria tenella
Eimeria found in the posterior SI
Eimeria brunetti
Treatment of Eimeriidae coccidians
Sulfanamides (Sulfadimethoxine)
Amprolium
Dicoquinate
All generas has sporulated oocysts containing 2 sporopcysts with 4 sporozoites (total of 8)
Considered coccidians, but has a heteroxenous life cycle which requires prey animal as IH and predator as DH
Family Sarcocystiidae
Enetero-epithelial cycle
Occurs only in DH (predator)
Sexual phase and sporulation (intestinal/enteric epithelium)
non-pathogenic
Extra-epithelial cycle
Occurs only in IH (prey)
Asexual phase and sporulation (in organs/tissues)
Pathogenic
Besnoitia besnoiti
DH: cat (cat feces)
IH: ruminants, cattle
Disease: cutaneous besnoitiasis ( large cysts in the skin and conjunctiva) ; thickening of the skin and hairloss
Hammondia hammondi
Family Sarcocytiidae
IH: rodents
DH: cats
PS: skeletal muscle
causes equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
Sarcocystis neurona
IH: opossum
DH: horses
PS: brain, spinal cord
sarcocystis that is highly pathogenic in sheep
Sarcocystis ovicanis
IH: Sheep
DH: dogs, canids
PS(IH): skeletal muscles
Toxoplasma gondii
Highly pathogenic in both IH and DH
PS: Muscles, lungs, liver, reproductive tract, CNS
Disease: Congenital toxoplasmosis (Women)
Neospora caninum
IH: cattle
DH: dogs
causes transplacental infection
pregnancy in cattle activates cysts and may cause spontaneous abortion
PS: brain, heart, liver, placenta
Treatment of sarcoscystidae coccidians
There is no effective treatment for intracellular chronic stage (sarcocysts in IH tissue)
- Amprolium (in IH, cattle and ruminants)
-Sulfanamides (Dog and Cat DH)
Treatment for toxoplasmosis
Sulfadiazine+pyrimethamine and Clindamycin
Diagnosis is through the visualization of capsule-shaped gamont in neutrophils or monocytes
Family Hepatozoidea
Hepatozoon canis
DH: hard ticks (Rhyphicephalus amblyomma) (sexual phase)
IH: Dog (asexual phase)
Canine hepatozoonosis
Treatment of hepatozoonosis
14 day course of TCP therapy
Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine + clindamycin + pyrimethamine
Mammalian malarias are transmitted by
Anopheline mosquitoes
Avian malarias are transmitted by
Culicine mosquitoes
Causative agent of malaria in humans, primates, rodents, birds, and some reptiles.
Early trophozoites inside RBC (signet-ring appearance)
In some species, banana-shaped gametocyte
IH: Mosquitoes
Plasmodium
Parasites of RBC of birds (may occur in turtle and lizards)
IH?
gametocytes in RCB (elongated, horseshoe-shaped that embrace the nucleus of the RBC)
Haemaproteus columbae
IH: hippoboscid flies (Culicodes and Chrysops)
Gametocytes occur in both RBCs and WBCs (lymphocytes and monocytes
They are round or elongated cells that grow large enough that pushes and distorts the nucleus of the RBC or WBC it invdes
Leucocytozoon
Leucocytozoon that infects turkeys
Leucocytozoon smithi
IH: Simulium
DH: Turkeys
Leucocytozoon that infects geese and ducks
Leucocytozoon simondi
IH: Simulium
DH: ducks and geese
mostly found in lymphocytes
Diagnosis by detection of meronts that are pear-shaped (usually in pairs) inside RBC
Babesia canis
Babesia gibsoni
small, oval-shaped meronts in RBC of dog
IH: Dog
DH: Dermacentor reticulatus ; Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Diagnosis by detection of meronts that are rod/oval/comma-shaped that usually come in 4 (forming maltese cross) inside RBC.
Theleria equi
Disease: equine piroplasmosis
Cytauxzoon felis
Diagnosis by meronts that are singnet-ring in shape or dark ‘dots’ inside rbc
Anaplasma
DH: ungulates and other mammals
IH: Tabanids, stable fly, mosquitoes
Parasites of RBC and WBC
- detection by spherical bodies (singly, or in morula) in the cytoplasm of RBCs and WBCs
Diagnosis by detection of bacilli form or coccoid-form (but in chains) on RBC surface
Mycoplasma (Haemobartonella)
-Mycoplasma haemocanis
- Mycoplasma haemofelis
- Mycoplasma haemomuris
Diagnosis is by detection of granular round to oval bodies in the cytoplasm of the nucleated RBC
Aegyptianella pullorum
DH: fowls
IH: Argas persicus (Fowl Tick)
Diagnosis by detection of pleomorphic, coccoid, to elliptecal bodies (singly of morulae) in the cytoplasm of WBCs
Ehrlichia
Infects: mononuclear-type WBC (monocytes and lumphocytes)
DH: dogs an ungulates
IH: ixodid ticks (transovarian and transstadial transmission)
Parasites of the respiratory passages of predatory reptiles, birds, mammals.
Subclass Pentastomida
Parasites of the nasal cavity of canids.
Earthworm-like with transverse striations and has an expanded anterior end containing the small mouth and 4 hooks
Linguatula serrata
IH: Cattle, sheep, rabbits, primates
Parasites of the respiratory passages and lungs of snakes
(murag cord)
Armillifer armillatus
No IH
Parasites of the respiratory passages and lungs of snakes
IH: small mammals (rodents)
Porocephalus crotali
“whale louse”
Ectocommensal crustacean of humpback whales.
Causes minor skin damge, but generally does not cause significant problems
Cyamus boopis
