enviroment and population

Question 1

Malnutrition

Answer 1

Lack of nutrition from your diet
Caused by a low income, difficulty obtaining food, unbalanced diet which results in undernourishment or over nourishment

Question 2

Global trends in food production

Answer 2

Global crop production is increasing- tripled
50% of the worlds arable land may be unusable by 2050
Pre WW2 farmers controlled food supply-Post WW2 intensification of farming

Question 3

Global trends on food consumption

Answer 3

On average people are consuming more calories in every continent
In the USA and Canada 2.5% of the population are over nourished
In Mexico and the Caribbean 2.5% -10% of the population are undernourished
HICS have access to 4000 calories a day
Some LICS have access to only 180 calories a day
Chinas consumption has increased by 1000 in the past 50 years
USA- 4000 calories
Chad- 2000 calories

Question 4

Millenium development goal 1

Answer 4

SDG aims for 0 hunger by 2030
(SDG 1 aimed to half the proportion of hungry people by 2015)
1 in 9 still suffer from chronic undernourishment

Question 5

What are agricultural systems inputs

Name 4 examples

Answer 5

Physical, human and economic factors determining the type of farming in an area
Eg. Climatic factors, farming machinery, fertiliser, pesticides, seeds, livestock, labour, soil, location

Question 6

What are agricultural system processes

Name 4 examples

Answer 6

Farming methods, what is carried out to turn the inputs into outputs
Eg. Farming machinery,planting seeds, tending to livestock(pastoral farming),collecting produce, breeding, tending to land and harvesting (arable farming),

Question 7

What are an agricultural systems useful outputs

Name 4 examples

Answer 7

Products that can be used or profited from

Eg. Animal produce(milk)produce that isn’t edible(cotton,silk), food crops(cereal, wheat)

Question 8

What are agricultural systems feedback

example

Answer 8

Outputs that are put back into a farm

Eg. Fertiliser/waste, profits from selling goods

Question 9

What are agricultural system losses

Example

Answer 9

Products that cannot be put back into the system or profited from and unused inputs
Eg. Unused water/food,produce destroyed by natural disasters or animals

Question 10

What is agricultural productivity and what factors effect it

Answer 10

The ratio of useful agricultural outputs to agricultural inputs
A measure of efficiency
Climate,soils and the type of farming will effect productivity

Question 11

What is yield

Answer 11

A measure of agricultural output per unit area of land

Question 12

High agricultural productivity vs low agricultural productivity

Answer 12

High productivity means achieving a high yield through low input
Low productivity means achieving a low yield through high input

Question 13

What is Arable farming

Answer 13

The farming of cereal and root crops on flat land with high quality soils- commercial or subsistence

Eg. Slash and burn shifting cultivation in Latin America
. U.K. potato farming

Question 14

What is pastoral farming

Answer 14

The production of both crops-subsistent commercial

Eg. Herding of goats,sheep,cattle and camels in west Africa
. Sustainable beef cattle ranching in Argentina,South America

Question 15

What is mixed farming

Answer 15

The production of both crops and livestock-typically commercial

Eg. Mixed farming in fife

Question 16

What is Intensive farming

Answer 16

High investment farming(labour, machinery, greenhouses, irrigation) With high agricultural productivity and yield
Eg. Fruit,flower and vegetable farming in south west England and Netherlands

Question 17

What is commercial farming

Answer 17

Typically involves farmers and agribusiness maximising profits by specialising in single crops or raising one type of animal

Eg. Grain cultivation in Canada, North America
. Tea plantation in East Africa
. Cattle ranching in South America

Question 18

What is Extensive farming

Answer 18

Low inputs of labour, machinery and capitol on large areas of land that produces low yield
Eg. Hill sheep farming in upland regions in the U.K.

Question 19

What is subsistent farming

Answer 19

The direct production of food to feed the family of community involved
Eg. Nomadic pastoralism in West Africa
. Slash and burn shifting cultivation in Asia, Africa and Latin America

Question 20

How does soil influence agricultural productivity

Answer 20

Soil quality is the fundamental to agricultural productivity as the depth, texture, structure, mineral content, ph, capacity to retain water and vulnerability to leeching will effect crop production

Eg. In the U.K. potatoe crops fail if the soil pH is below 4

Question 21

How does relief influence agricultural productivity

Answer 21

Altitude, angle of slopes and aspect can effect crop production

Eg. Upper limit of 300m for hay and potato slopes more than 11 degrees becomes impractical for safe ploughing

Question 22

How does climate influence agricultural productivity

Answer 22

Temperature dictates the length of growing season
Precipitation determines the water supply and the seasonal distribution of rainfall is very important for agriculture
(Eg. failed monsoon in south east Asia or a drought in Africa’s Sahel could result in famine)
Wind can restrict the cultivation of grain crops however they can also be beneficial
(Eg. Warm winds melt snow on the North American prairies extend the length of growing season

Question 23

How will climate change effect precipitation’s impact on agriculture

Answer 23

Changes in precipitation will cause drought or flooding
If climate change triggers less predictable weather conditions and variation in precipitation traditional rice production will have to change as it is water and labour intensive

Question 24

How will climate changes effects on temperatures impact agriculture

Answer 24

Warmer, wetter weather causes thawing of ice and glacial retreat. It can also change wildlife migration patterns which will effect the indigenous populations

Northern high latitude have been increasing up to 1 degree per decade for 30years

Question 25

How will climate changes effects on soils impact agriculture

Answer 25

Droughts caused soil to be cracked so seeds can’t be planted
Floods will cause leeching(rain removing nutrients from soil) meaning plants can’t get the nutrients needed
Changes in temperature causes changes in soils ph
Limited fertile soils cause competitions or land

Question 26

How will climate change change pests, insects, and plant diseases impact on agriculture

Answer 26

Warmer climates lead to a geographical shit of pests and diseases which will harmfully effect livestock and crops that haven’t been effected by the diseases

Question 27

What is soil

Answer 27

The dark/brown thin surface layer of the earth in which plants grow made of organic remains,rock particles,minerals,liquids, gases and organisms

Question 28

What are zonal soils

Answer 28

Zonal soils are one of three types of soils. They are developed for a long time so they show characteristics of the climate/biome where they are found. The typos types are podzol and tropical red latosol

Question 29

What is food security

Answer 29

Food security is the availability of nutritious foods on a daily basis. This includes the economic and physical access, the utilisation and stability.

Question 30

What are the strategies to ensure food security

Answer 30

First green revolution 
The gene revolution 
Growth of crops wild relatives
Economic growth 
Improved agricultural productivity 
Expansion of social protection

Question 31

Expansion of social protection

Answer 31

Aims to help poor and vulnerable people cope with crisis by finding jobs investing in health and education as well as protecting the ageing population.

150 million people worldwide are prevented from falling into extreme poverty

Reduces poverty and inequality
Helps accomplish a complementary goal
But it can be mismanaged by owners

Question 32

Improved agricultural productivity

Answer 32

Improving training, farming equipment and high yielding varieties.
Equipment makes it easier to grow crops

Question 33

Economic growth

Answer 33

Trading agreement to and blocks

Trade increases food imports which increases food security

Question 34

Gene revolution +

Answer 34

Genetically modified crops
Eg . Maya people (,éxito)used to cultivate wild grass in teosinte over thousands of tears to produce maize.

E.G. US soy, cotton, and maize crops
GM crops are banned in some African countries

Question 35

First green revolution

Answer 35

mid 20th century
Increased food security by increasing the use of machines, pesticides and fertilizers to increase agricultural productivity
Caused an increase in calorie intake in Lics
Can cause salinization

UK, Italy, Philippines, Mexico, India

Question 36

Growth of crops wild relatives +

Answer 36

Increases disease resistance

Question 37

Chronic food security vs transitional food insecurity vs seasonal food insecurity

Answer 37

Chronic= long term persistent condition of food insecurity (6months+)

Transitional= short term temporary. Can be caused by season of drought or conflict

Seasonal=a condition of food security that reoccurs predictably

Question 38

polar tundra distribution

Answer 38

• 71.2 degrees North and 156 degrees West
• close to the North Pole and Artic circle
• Covers 20% of the Earth 

Question 39

tropical monsoon distribution

Answer 39

• 5 degrees North and South of the equator
• West and central Africa
• South and South east Asia
• Central South America and Central America

Question 40

polar tundra climatic characteristics

Answer 40

• average temperature: –28 degrees Celsius
• temperatures can fall to -70 degrees Celsius
• temperatures can rise to 12 degrees Celsius in summer months
• cold deserts: annual precipitation less than 250mm
• strong icy winds
• summers: several weeks of continuous daylight: sun shines 24 hours a day
• summer between May and September

Question 41

tropical monsoon climatic characteristics

Answer 41

• average temperatures of 25 degrees Celsius in cool seasons
• average temperatures as high as 32 degrees Celsius in hot seasons
• smaller range in temperature: 7 degrees Celsius
• seasonal reversal of winds: onshore during one season and offshore during other season
• heavy rainfall when winds are onshore on the mainland
• rains throughout the year
• hot wet season: July to October
• cool dry season: November to February
• average precipitation is 1500mm but this varies

Question 42

polar tundra vegetative characteristics

Answer 42

• barren little vegetation: trees cannot grow due to permafrost short summers and seasonal waterlogging
• majority of soil is permafrost
• growing season is 50-60 days long
• thin soils are relatively fertile
• only low growing plants can be supported: shrubs, mosses, heaths: cotton grass and cushion plants

Question 43

tropical monsoon vegetative characteristics

Answer 43

• abundant plant growth
• tree heights vary between 12m and 30m
• 4 strata layers

Question 44

polar tundra wildlife characteristics

Answer 44

Animals adapt in ways to keep themselves warm and find food

• polar bears: white appearance, thick fur, a small surface are to volume ratio, greasy coat to help with swimming, large feet
• Artic fox: thick insulating coat, camouflage (winter fox is white, in spring and summer the fox is brown or grey), small pointed and directional ears to prevent heat loss and make it easier to hunt prey

Question 45

tropical monsoon wildlife characteristics

Answer 45

Animals adapt to life in the trees and heavy foliage

-adaptations include bright colours and sharp patterns, loud vocalisations and fruit diets

• Jaguars
• orangutans
• sloths

Question 46

human activities in polar tundra

Answer 46

• indigenous people have been using resources in polar tundra regions sustainably for years by hunting only what is necessary for 20,000 years
• this way of life and culture is under threat from large scale developments
• mining: mines opened for resources like gold and diamonds
• oil rigs: drilled into the sea

In Alaska oil is exported from Prudhoe Bay oil fields in raised pipes above ground to the ice free port of Valdez

• Tourism: holiday/ski resorts
• snowmobiling, visiting reindeer farms and reindeer sledding, viewing polar lights, husky safaris, fishing/ice fishing, boat tours and whale-watching.
• illegal hunting: threatening the numbers of certain species, eg whales.
• gas extraction: Arctic already supplies the world with roughly 10 per cent of its oil and 25 per cent of its natural gas
•  estimated to hold 22 per cent of the Earth’s undiscovered oil and natural gas reserves

Question 47

human activities in tropical monsoon

Answer 47

• farming: relies on the wet summer months to grow crops
• variations in rainfall will impact agriculture and the economy
• 2009 little rain fell during summer in the Indian monsoon: farm animals starved and crops were sold for a fraction of the normal costs as farmers grew desperate
• 2008 cyclone in Myanmar destroyed 2008/2009 harvests
• rice growing: example: rice paddies on Irrawaddy delta in Myanmar
• wheat, rice, vegetables, cotton, tea sold
• more land is used for crops in India than any other country (215 million acres
• animal rearing
• coastal fishing: strong winds can prevent this during the summer in south Asia reducing income
• hydropower: monsoon rain can be harnessed for power
• 25% of India’s electricity comes from hydropower
• water purification systems: these can become contaminated during floods with diseases like cholera

Question 48

6 impacts of human activity on the polar tundra

Answer 48

• air pollution: artic clouds are very sensitive to air pollution
• impacts clouds formation
• has a blackening effect
• black carbon from diesel engines, fires and other combustion can settle on snow
• decreases ability to reflect sunlight: causes faster melting
• chemicals used in coolants and aerosols sprays have caused ozone depletion at the poles: lets in stronger ultraviolet rays
• toxic mercury sent into atmosphere due to industrial activity
• industrial activity: drilling wells can thaw permafrost, heavy vehicles and construction can damage soil, increased risk from toxic spills
• Seismic testing for oil and gas operations in the 1980s left tracks on the tundra that are still visible decades later.
• Russian mining giant admits pumping wastewater into Arctic tundra
• 6,000 cubic metres of liquid used to process minerals at the facility had been dumped, and that the discharge had lasted “several hours
• invasive and migrating species
• snow geese have learned to feed on farmlands rather than in the wild on their migration routes: increasing populations: threatened to degrade their tundra nesting sites

Question 49

impacts of human activity on the tropical monsoon

Answer 49

• deforestation
• Large-scale deforestation could cause monsoon rains to shift south, cutting rainfall in India by nearly a fifth, scientists say.
• release of Carbon Dioxide causing temperature increase in areas
• cutting of mangroves in bay of Bengal
• threats to wildlife: poaching
• 216 leopards. 40 tigers. 43 rhinos. 100 elephants. Innumerable birds and reptiles have been illegally hunted in India in the last 18 months
• increasing rainfall
• For every degree Celsius of warming, monsoon rainfalls will likely increase by about 5%,
• too much rainfall during other growing states can harm plants — including rice on which the majority of India’s population is depending for sustenance
• Vietnam, 2016: reduced rainfall as a result of intensified La Niña conditions, induced by climate change, caused 2,000,000 people to experience water insecurity, with 600,000 hectares of crops being affected and damaged, triggering a humanitarian crisis. 
• 51 animals have been reported dead, with four rhinos drowned in the flooded  Kaziranga National Park in India
•  80 percent of the park underwater following the recent monsoon rains, 

Question 50

impacts of climate change on the polar tundra

Answer 50

• invasive and migrating species due to increasing temperature
• red foxes are moving up north towards tundra and competing with the artic fox for food and territory
• increasing number of parasites damaging food sources: impact artic natives like caribou
• shrubs and wolf spiders are thriving
• melting sea ice: destroys habitat
• 80 percent of sea ice volume (thickness) and much of the old multiyear ice have melted.
• When the sea ice melts, the bears remain trapped on land, and must survive on reserves of fat. This results in weaker bears with high mortality of offspring.

Question 51

impacts of climate change on the tropical monsoon

Answer 51

-increasing rainfall

• For every degree Celsius of warming, monsoon rainfalls will likely increase by about 5%,
• too much rainfall during other growing states can harm plants — including rice on which the majority of India’s population is depending for sustenance
• Vietnam, 2016: reduced rainfall as a result of intensified La Niña conditions, induced by climate change, caused 2,000,000 people to experience water insecurity, with 600,000 hectares of crops being affected and damaged, triggering a humanitarian crisis. 
• 51 animals have been reported dead, with four rhinos drowned in the flooded  Kaziranga National Park in India
•  80 percent of the park underwater following the recent monsoon rains,