Population change Flashcards
what is the DTM
the demographic transition model shows how a countries population changes over time through five stages using birth rate, death rate and total population
what cultural controls affect natural population change
- role of women: access to education, employment, attitudes, role
- attitudes towards marriage: age
- religion: views on birth control and abortion
- population policies: policies to influence population growth or decline
e. g. France-subsidised childcare, China -one child policy
a country in stage 4 of the dtm
-the UK
birth rate: 12.1/1000
death rate:9.4/1000
population change: +0.5% per year
- physical setting: temperate climate and fertile soils allow for a reliable food source
- low lying land allows for easy transportation
- coasts allow for international trade and marine resources
- human setting: compulsory education regardless of gender
- female participation in the work place: 70% of working age women have a job
- access to contraception
- access to good healthcare
a country in stage 2 of the dtm
Uganda
birth rate: 43.3/1000
death rate: 10.4/1000
population change: +3.2% per year
physical setting: hot and humid climate with moderate rainfall allowing for crops like banana, coffee and sugar
dry season in the north limits agricultural productivity
infertile soil means food production is low
has some minerals however they have not been exploited for economic growth
landlocked country which limits international trade
boarders lake Victoria: largest lake in Africa supporting a large fishing industry
human setting: high fertility rate; 5.8 children per woman
gender inequality: women receive less education
lack of birth control/ family planning services
low death rate due to improving sanitation and healthcare
what is a demographic dividend
the potential for rapid growth in a country as its dependency ratio falls- this will normally occur at stage 2 or 3 of the DTM
3 types of migration
Economic migrants: people move voluntarily for work opportunities and to improve quality of life.
Asylum seekers: people who have been forced to leave their homes and are waiting for residency in another country to become refugees.
Refuges: people who have been forced to flee their homes and have been granted residency elsewhere.
environmental causes for migration
-push factor: natural disaster
desertification
impacts of climate change
-pull factors: more desirable climate
better farming conditions
fewer impacts of climate change
socio-economic causes for migration
-push factors: political instability lack of jobs bad access to education lack of food economic decline
-pull factors: better healthcare job opportunities better pay better education better quality of life
what are migrations , political, demographic, economic, social and health, implications on home countries
-demographic: population decline
ageing population and gender imbalance
-economic: migrant workers may send money back home
brain drain when highly skilled people leave
-political: governments may try and discourage high skilled workers from leaving and encourage migration to the country
-health:
shortage of healthcare professionals putting pressure on the healthcare system
-environmental: population decline may improve the environment as there is less exploitation
-social:
families are split up
people who stay are more likely to find a job
less pressure on education but funding could be cut as demand falls
loss of culture as migrants return with new ideas
what are migrations , political, demographic, economic, social and health, implications on hosts countries
-demographic: population increase
change in population structure
rise in birth rate
-economic: expansion of workforce can fill jobs that natives didn’t fill but may mean there aren’t enough jobs
-political: policies introduced to reduce immigration
rise of extremist organisations
-health: increased population puts pressure on the healthcare system especially if migrants live in poor quality housing
-environmental: more houses and resources required putting a strain on the environment through pollution and damage
larger amounts of waste
-social:
cultural diversity
social tensions
certain areas become associated with migrants
8 impacts of migration on health
NHS: 63% of doctors in the UK are trained here
37% are trained in their country of origin
India, Pakistan and Philippines
- 7% of practicing doctors in the UK are Indian
- 3% are Pakistani
Brain gain for the UK
64% of foreign doctors in the USA are from middle or low income countries
Migrants might have pre-existing health conditions
More difficult to access and understand healthcare as migrants – especially for asylum seekers
6 impacts of migration on politics
1997: 3% of the public claimed immigration was a key issue by the EU referendum in 2017
- £2.54bn is contributed to the economy annually by eastern European immigrants in the UK.
1993 to 2013, the foreign-born population in the United Kingdom doubled to 7.8 million people and now accounts for 12.4 percent of the overall population.
May 2013, as UKIP’s populist leader, Nigel Farage, successfully tapped into the anti-politics zeitgeist and fused euroskepticism with other concerns, including worries over immigration and loss of national identity.
Analysis of UKIP voters reveals that their main issue of concern is no longer Europe, but immigration.
Controversial Australian detention centers
Criminalizes migrants
Convention relating to the stations of refuges
