Environment Flashcards
(46 cards)
The green revolution
The Green Revolution refers to a series of agricultural innovations between the 1960s and 1980s that greatly increased food production in developing countries.
It involved the use of high-yield crop varieties, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, modern irrigation systems, and farming machinery.
helping to prevent famine and achieve food self-sufficiency
However, the Green Revolution also had negative effects, such as
Soil degradation فرسایش خاک
Overuse of water resources,
Increased inequality (large farmers benefited more)
fertilizers کودها
pesticides آفت کش ها
irrigation آبیاری
Futile adjective
ˈfjuːtaɪl
futility noun
Syn: Pointless
Opposite of : worthwhile
People just don’t read leaflets, so handing them out would be futile.
- a futile attempt/effort
- it is futile to do something
It was futile to continue the negotiations
the futility of giving him advice
Fruitless exercise
Pointless
Arguing with someone who refuses to listen is often a fruitless exercise.
They realized that searching for the lost document without a clue was a fruitless exercise.
Unattainable goal
Attain verb
Attainment noun
Attainable != unattainable
Verb رسیدن به دست آوردن
Noun دست یابی
Adje قابل دستیابی
دست نیافتنی
unattainable ideal/dream/goal etc
Chasing an unattainable goal can lead to frustration and burnout.
Feasible
ˈfiːzəbəl
Possible
Opposite of: infeasible
a feasible solution
- economically/technically/politically/financially etc feasible
It was no longer financially feasible to keep the community centre open.
Conceivable
kənˈsiːvəbəl
Possible, feasible
Opposite of: inconceivable
We were discussing the problems from every conceivable angle.
I think it is conceivable that we’ll have solved the problem soon.
Useful
Beneficial
Worthwhile
Advantageous
Viable
Feasible
They’re a viable alternative to petrol-driven cars
Useless
Pointless
Fruitless
Futile
Possible
Feasible
Conceivable
Viable
Achievable
Impossible
Unattainable
Impracticable
Unfeasible
Likely
Liable
Probable
Unlikely
Improbable
Questionable
Doubtful
Contaminate kənˈtæməneɪt
Contamination noun
Contaminant noun
Contaminated adjective
Uncontaminated adjective
to make something impure, dirty, or harmful by adding something dangerous or unwanted, especially with chemicals, germs, or pollutants.
Contamination آلودگی
Contaminant آلاینده
Contaminated آلوده
The river was contaminated by industrial waste.
Industrial activities often contaminate rivers and lakes.
• Contaminate with
The lake was contaminated with chemicals.
وقتی میخواییم به آلاینده اشاره کنیم اون ماده ایی که باعث آلودگی شده
• Contaminate by
The air was contaminated by vehicle emissions.
وقتی میخواییم به عامل آلودگی اشاره کنیم
Erode verb
Erosion noun
فرساییدن ساییده شدن
The rocks have gradually eroded away.
فرسایش تحلیل
the problem of soil erosion
the erosion of the coastline
Fertilizer
Fertiliser british
Fertilize verb
Fertility noun
کود
a substance that is put on the soil to make plants grow
فعل کود دادن حاصلخیز کردن بارور کردن
اسم باروری حاصلخیزی
The local community decided to fertilize the public garden with compost made from kitchen waste.
Soil fertility is essential for sustainable agriculture and the long-term health of an ecosystem.
The use of organic fertilizer has improved the soil structure and reduced chemical runoff
Threat noun
Threaten verb
Threatening adjective
Threateningly adverb
Under threat from
تهدید
تهدید کردن
تهدید کننده
تهدیدآمیز
Climate change is a serious threat to global ecosystems.
Rising sea levels threaten coastal communities around the world.
Deforestation has a threatening effect on biodiversity.
The sea level is rising threateningly, putting coastal cities at risk of flooding.
- pose a threat
Plastic pollution poses a serious threat to marine life.
*face a threat
Many rainforests face the threat of destruction due to illegal logging.
- under threat from
در معرض تهدید از جانب …… بودن
Many forests are under threat from wildfires.
بسیاری از جنگل‌ها در معرض تهدید از جانب آتش‌سوزی‌های گسترده هستند
Be in danger of (doing) something
Many animal species are in danger of becoming extinct due to habitat loss.
Some freshwater sources are in danger of becoming polluted due to industrial waste.
Thousands of species are in danger of extinction because of human activity.
Pollute verb
Pollution noun uncountable
Pollutant noun countable
Polluted adjective
آلوده کردن
آلودگی
آلاینده
آلوده
Factories pollute the air with harmful chemicals.
Air pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems today.
The river has become polluted due to industrial waste.
Heavy metals are common pollutants found in soil and water.
As to
About
))) Used to introduce the subject of a thought, opinion, or doubt.
Opinions as to how much oil remains vary considerably.
There’s some doubt as to whether the plan will work.
I have no idea as to why he left early
Pose
Cause problem danger or risk
- pose a threat, danger, risk
Illegal logging poses a serious threat to the environment by destroying forests. قطع غیرقانونی درختان
- Pose an environmental hazard
خطر زیست‌محیطی ایجاد کردن
Improper waste disposal can pose an environmental hazard to nearby water sources.
دفع نامناسب زباله
Fumes
In the environmental context, “fume(s)” is mostly used in the plural form “fumes”, and refers to harmful gases
گازها یا بخارات خطرناک
Exhaust fumes دودهای اگزوز خودرو
Industrial fumes
Toxic fumes
Release fumes
Cars release toxic exhaust fumes that pollute the air.
Poisonous exhaust fumes
Nuclear energy
انرژی هسته ای که از شکافت هسته ی اتم تولید میشه
a low-carbon energy source that generates electricity through nuclear reactions
Splitting atoms
Emissions: very low co2
Nuclear is non-renewable, but clean in terms of carbon emissions.
Solar and wind are renewable and completely clean, but depend on natural conditions (sunlight and wind).
Petrol
petrol-driven
Gasoline ˈɡæsəliːn
Petrol used in
UK, India, Australia, Iran, etc.
Gasoline used in
USA, Canada
UK: I need to fill up my car with petrol.
US: I need to fill up my car with gasoline.
Pertol-driven
برای توصیف ماشین، موتور یا وسیله‌ای که با بنزین کار می‌کند، استفاده می‌شود
Petrol-driven vehicles create CO₂ emissions.
Petrol tank / gas tank
باک بنزین
My car’s petrol tank is almost empty.
