The Modern World

Question 1

Attitude noun

Answer 1

نگرش طرز برخورد
Perspective, point of view

• Attitude to /towards
  Attitude to ( common in British)

The people have a very positive attitude to life.

Many teenagers have a very negative attitude towards cooking.

• have/take/adopt an attitude
  Not everyone takes a positive attitude towards modern art.

Question 2

Globalization noun globalisation british
Globe noun
Globalize verb
Global adjective
Globally adverb

Answer 2

the process of making something such as a business operate in a lot of different countries all around the world جهانی شدن

an organization or business develops on an international scale or operates in multiple countries around the world.

Globalization can often lead to the destruction of local customs and cultures.

Globe کره زمین کروی گرد
Across the globe, sea level varies by hundreds of feet.

Global جهانی
Global climate change
The global economy

Globalize جهانی شدن
if a company, industry, or economy globalizes or is globalized, it has business activities all over the world

Most African companies are seeking to globalize by liberalising trade and opening the door to foreign investment.

Question 3

Joint
Adjective (only before noun )

Answer 3

مشترک

Both companies are involved in the joint development of a new medium-sized car.

The meal was a joint effort .

• joint venture
  سرمایه گذاری مشترک
  when two companies do something together)

There is a new energy drink taking over the market and it is a joint venture between Thailand and Asteria .

Question 4

Bland
Adjective

Answer 4

• Lacking strong flavor (when referring to food) or tasteless

The soup was too bland, so I added some spices.

• Lacking strong emotion or excitement; dull or uninteresting کسل کننده بی روح
  His speech was so bland that no one paid attention.

Mild and soothing (in a neutral way)
ملایم آرام بدون هیجان خاصی
She gave a bland smile and walked away.

Question 5

It works the other way around

Answer 5

چیزی برعکس آنچه گفته شده یا انتظار می‌رود، درست است

People assume that exercise alone makes them healthy but it works the other way around, diet is even more important.

مردم تصور می‌کنند که فقط ورزش آن‌ها را سالم می‌کند، اما در واقع برعکس است—رژیم غذایی از ورزش هم مهم‌تر است

Many think that success brings happiness, but often, it works the other way around—happiness leads to success.

Question 6

Ethnic adjective/ noun

Ethnically adverb

Answer 6

صفت قومی نژادی
مربوط به یک قومیت خاص یا گروه فرهنگی

1. Ethnic Food: ( ethnic restaurant)
   • I love trying different ethnic foods, like Indian curry and Mexican tacos.
2. Ethnic Clothing:
   • She wore a beautiful ethnic dress from her homeland.
3. Ethnic Groups:
   • New York City is home to many ethnic communities, including Italian, Chinese, and Middle Eastern groups.
4. Ethnic Conflicts:
   • The country faced ethnic tensions between different cultural groups.

به عنوان اسم، “ethnic” به فردی اشاره دارد که به یک گروه قومی خاص تعلق دارد

There is a large ethnic population in the region.

Surinam is culturally and ethnically diverse.

Question 7

Far-flung

Answer 7

Remote , distant دور

When people traveling to far flung places they want to see something exotic.

people flying to far-flung destinations

Email enables far-flung friends to keep in touch.

Question 8

Exotic

Answer 8

something that is exotic seems unusual and interesting because it is related to a foreign country
عجیب و غریب بیگانه

Exotic birds
Exotic places

When people traveling to far flung places, they want to see something exotic

Question 9

Open up

Answer 9

بیانگر شروع فعالیت یک کسب‌وکار جدید است – عبارت “open up” معمولاً برای صحبت درباره افتتاح یا راه‌اندازی یک رستوران، مغازه یا شرکت جدید به کار می‌رود

A new shopping mall has opened up in our area.

Many new cafés have opened up in the city recently.

Question 10

I suppose so

Answer 10

I think that’s true” or “I agree, but not very strongly.”

• “فکر کنم همین‌طور باشه.”
• “احتمالاً همین‌طوره.”
• “به نظر می‌رسه که این‌طور باشه.

• “Is it going to rain today?”
I suppose so.” (I think so, but I’m not 100% sure.)

Question 11

Monopoly

məˈnɒpəli

Answer 11

امتیاز انحصاری انحصاری

A monopoly is when one company or organization has complete control over a market, meaning there is little to no competition. This allows the company to set prices and rules without worrying about rivals.

For years, Bell Telephone had a monopoly on telephone services in the US

I guess no one big multinational has a monopoly over the fashion market either does it?

Question 12

Culture noun
Subculture noun
Cultural adjective
Multicultural adjective
Cultured adjective
Culturally adverb ˈkʌltʃərəli

Answer 12

the beliefs, way of life, art, and customs that are shared and accepted by people in a particular society

Subculture:::

“زیرفرهنگ” به معنای یک گروه خاص در داخل یک جامعه است که ویژگی‌ها، باورها، رفتارها، یا علایق خاص خود را دارند که آن‌ها را از فرهنگ اصلی یا غالب جامعه متمایز می‌کند
often used to show disapproval

the drug subculture of the inner city

Cultural:::

the desire to maintain a distinct cultural identity

cultural heritage

Cultured:::

بافرهنگ

Intelligent, polite, and interested in art, literature, music etc SYN cultivated

a well-read and cultured woman

Culturally:::

Teaching materials need to be culturally appropriate.

Question 13

Dominate verb ˈdɒməneɪt
Domination noun
Dominating adjective

Answer 13

تسلط داشتن چیره شدن حکمفرما بودن
* Is dominated by
The industry is dominated by five multinational companies.
این صنعت تحت سلطه پنج شرکت چند ملیتی است.

Her loud voice totally dominated the conversation.

Domination سلطه تسلط غلبه

The company is still aiming for world domination.

Dominating مسلط غالب
his dominating characteristic

Question 14

Multicultural vs cultural diversity

Answer 14

چندفرهنگی (Multicultural)

وجود فرهنگ‌های مختلف در یک جامعه، اما بدون
لزوماً تعامل زیاد بین آن‌ها

همزیستی فرهنگ‌های مختلف در کنار هم
مثال کشورهایی که مهاجران زیادی دارند اما هر گروه فرهنگی بیشتر در جامعه خودش باقی می‌ماند

It means different cultural groups coexist but do not necessarily interact deeply.

Cultural diversity
وجود فرهنگ‌های مختلف همراه با تعامل، پذیرش و یادگیری از یکدیگر
تأکید
تعامل و ادغام ایده‌ها و سنت‌های فرهنگی
مثال محیط‌هایی که فرهنگ‌های مختلف با هم کار می‌کنند، ارتباط برقرار می‌کنند و از یکدیگر یاد
می‌گیرند

Cultural diversity emphasizes cultural differences, but in a way that encourages interaction, mutual understanding, and acceptance.

Canada is a multicultural country with people from all over the world

Cultural diversity in the workplace helps people learn from each other

Question 15

Modern adjective
Modernize verb
Modernization noun
Modernity noun
Modernism noun
Modernist adjective

Answer 15

Modernize مدرن کردن به طرز نوینی درآوردن

They need more funds to modernize the country’s telephone system.

Modernization نوسازی

the modernization of the railway system

Modernity مدرنیته
a conflict between tradition and modernity

Modernism نوگرایی
The rise of modernism in Paris

Modernist نوگرا
the modernist school

Question 16

Multicultural adjective
Multiculturalism noun

Answer 16

صفت چند فرهنگی
اسم چند فرهنگ گرایی

The restaurant serves a multicultural menu, offering dishes from Asia, Europe, and the Middle East

Multiculturalism is an important part of Canada’s national identity.”
(چندفرهنگ‌گرایی بخش مهمی از هویت ملی کانادا است.

Question 17

Urban adjective
Urbanize verb
Urbanization noun

Answer 17

شهریadjective

Verb:
to build houses, towns etc in the countryside شهری کردن

شهری سازی شهرنشینی

He enjoys the fast-paced urban lifestyle.

Many rural villages are being urbanized due to population growth.

Rapid urbanization has led to overcrowded cities and housing shortages.

Question 18

Subsequent adjective

Answer 18

In the future , following, upcoming

متعاقب بعدی

These skills were passed on to subsequent generations.

subsequent pages of the book

Question 19

Hindsight

Answer 19

the ability to understand a situation only after it has happened / look back and understand
Foresight

• with/in hindsight

With hindsight, I should have seen the warning signs.

In hindsight, I should have studied harder for the exam.

• the benefit/wisdom of hindsight

With the benefit of hindsight, we now realize that investing in that company was a mistake.

Question 20

Skeptical (American)
Sceptical (British)

ˈskeptɪkəl
Adjective

sceptically /-kli/ adverb

Answer 20

شک داشتن تردید داشتن
Doubtful

• sceptical about/of
• highly/deeply/ extremely sceptical

I’m extremely sceptical about what I read in the press.

When I started this investigation I was sceptical.

Many people today are more skeptical about current predictions concerning global warming

Question 21

Demographic noun/adjective

ˌdeməˈɡræfɪk

Answer 21

Population اسم جمعیت
relating to the population and groups of people in it صفت جمعیتی

Demographic trends show that there are rising numbers of old people.

the drink is popular with a young demographic.

Question 22

Proportion noun / verb

prəˈpɔːʃən

Answer 22

درصد نیبت تناسب
Percentage

• proportion of
  The proportion of women graduates has increased in recent years.
• high/large/small etc proportion

Although the majority of offenders are men, a small proportion – about five percent – are women

فعل متناسب کردن متقارن کردن

to proportion the punishment to the crime

Question 23

Dwindle verb

Answer 23

to gradually become less and less or smaller and smaller
Also dwindle away

به تدریج کم شدن

The elephant population is dwindling.
His money had dwindled away.

Question 24

Meddle verb

Answer 24

Interfere
مداخله کردن

• meddle in

I don’t like other people meddling in the way I run this prison.

The government warned other countries not to meddle in its internal affairs.

She got in trouble for meddling with the lab equipment without permission.

Question 25

Ridiculous adjective

Answer 25

Very silly , unreasonable مضحک خنده دار احمقانه That’s a ridiculous idea! It’s an absolutely ridiculous decision. It’s ridiculous that we have to wait six weeks.

Question 26

Prolonged adjective prəˈlɒŋd

Answer 26

continuing for a long time prolonged exposure to the sun قرار گرفتن طولانی مدت در معرض نور خورشید How are you going to explain your prolonged absence?

Question 27

Imply verb Implication noun

Answer 27

Noun A possible future effect or result of an action, event دلالت نتیجه پیامد The aging and declining population is expected to have important implications for the labor force, and the quality of everyday life

Question 28

Global presence

Answer 28

Thanks to social media, even small businesses can build a global presence and attract customers worldwide. Many luxury brands rely on their global presence to maintain their reputation and customer base. E-commerce platforms like Amazon have a dominant global presence in the retail industry.

Question 29

Brand recognition

Answer 29

Apple’s brand recognition is so strong that people can identify its products just by their design. New businesses often struggle with brand recognition, as customers are not yet familiar with their products.

Question 30

Customer base

Answer 30

پایگاه مشتریان ، مشتریان اصلی The company expanded its customer base by offering discounts to first-time buyers. Social media marketing has helped many startups grow their customer base quickly.

Question 31

Competitive advantage

Answer 31

مزیت رقابتی Offering high-quality customer service can be a competitive advantage in the retail industry. Tesla’s competitive advantage is its advanced battery technology and strong brand reputation.

Question 32

Corporate social responsibility CSR

Answer 32

مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکت ها Many companies integrate corporate social responsibility into their business strategies to promote sustainable development. A strong corporate social responsibility program can enhance a company’s reputation and build customer trust. Companies that prioritize corporate social responsibility often attract socially conscious consumers.

Question 33

Profit margin

Answer 33

حاشیه سود به درصدی از درآمد گفته می‌شود که پس از کسر تمامی هزینه‌ها و مخارج به‌عنوان سود باقی می‌ماند The company increased its profit margin by reducing production costs. A high profit margin allows businesses to reinvest in growth and innovation.

Question 34

Leading company

Answer 34

شرکت پیشرو One of the most well-known multinational corporations in the world is Apple Inc., a leading company in the technology industry.

Question 35

Imported product

Answer 35

محصول وارداتی High-quality Swiss watches are popular imported products worldwide.

Question 36

Brand reputation

Answer 36

Apple has built a strong brand reputation for innovation and quality. A company’s brand reputation can be damaged by poor customer service.

Question 37

Supply chain

Answer 37

زنجیره تامین زنجیره تأمین به کل فرایند تولید و تحویل یک محصول یا خدمات گفته می‌شود که از تأمین مواد اولیه شروع شده و شامل تولید، توزیع و رساندن محصول به دست مشتری است. Online retailers like Amazon have complex supply chains involving global suppliers, warehouses, and last-mile delivery services.

Question 38

Durable adjective

Answer 38

بادوام Hard-wearing Wood is a durable material. Long-lasting His poetry has proved durable.

Question 39

Cross-cultural communication

Answer 39

ارتباط بین فرهنگی ارتباط بین فرهنگی به فرایند تبادل اطلاعات و ایده‌ها بین افرادی از فرهنگ‌های مختلف گفته می‌شود. Misunderstandings often arise in cross-cultural communication due to language barriers and cultural differences. With globalization, cross-cultural communication has become more important than ever.

Question 40

Social etiquette

Answer 40

Good social etiquette requires you to greet people politely when you meet them. Speaking with a mouth full of food is considered poor social etiquette.

Question 41

Technological advancement

Answer 41

The management of financial transactions has been influenced by technological advancements.

Question 42

Western influence

Answer 42

The rise of digital banking and e-commerce in Iran is partly due to Western influence on technology and business. The Western influence on fashion is evident in the way many young people in my country dress.

Question 43

Lifestyle changes

Answer 43

This shift ( lifestyle transformation) gas led to lifestyle changes, affecting both traditional and modern society.

Question 44

artistic expression

Answer 44

Artistic expression allows people to share their emotions and perspectives through music, painting, and poetry. Fashion can be a powerful medium of artistic expression, showcasing creativity and cultural influences.

Question 45

Intercultural exchange

Answer 45

Studying abroad provides students with opportunities for intercultural exchange, helping them understand different traditions and perspectives.

Question 46

Outsourcing and offshoring

Answer 46

برون سپاری برون مرزی سازی • اگر تولید را به شرکت دیگری در همان کشور بدهد → Outsourcing • اگر خودش کارخانه‌ای در کشور دیگر راه‌اندازی کند → Offshoring • اگر تولید را به شرکت دیگری در کشور دیگر بدهد → Offshore Outsourcing A tech company in the U.S. outsources its customer support to a call center in the Philippines to save money. A software firm offshores its development team to India by setting up a branch office there. The company reduced its production costs through offshore outsourcing to factories in Southeast Asia. Many multinational companies rely on outsourcing and offshoring to remain competitive in the global market

Question 47

International vs multinational

Answer 47

معنا: “بین‌المللی” به هر چیزی که بین دو یا چند کشور اتفاق می‌افتد گفته می‌شود. این واژه لزوماً به معنای داشتن دفتر یا حضور فیزیکی در کشورهای دیگر نیست. ممکن است فقط شامل صادرات، ارتباط، همکاری یا تجارت بین کشورها باشد معنا: “چندملیتی” معمولاً به شرکت‌هایی گفته می‌شود که در بیش از یک کشور حضور فیزیکی دارند، مثلاً دفتر، کارخانه یا شعبه. این شرکت‌ها واقعاً در کشورهای مختلف فعالیت دارند و نه فقط تجارت یا صادرات

Question 48

Tariff ˈtærɪf

Answer 48

تعرفه مالیات a tax on goods coming into a country or going out of a country تعرفه گمرکی The aim of the organization is to reduce tariffs and promote free trade.

Question 49

cross-border business

Answer 49

تجارت فرامرزی تجارت فرامرزی بیشتر بر تبادلات خاص کالا و خدمات بین کشورها تمرکز دارد Cross-border business has become more common with the rise of e-commerce and global shipping.

Question 50

Trade agreements

Answer 50

توافقات تجاری Trade agreements between countries help to reduce tariffs and make cross-border business more efficient.

Question 51

Competitive edge

Answer 51

مزیت رقابتی Having a strong online presence gives businesses a competitive edge in today’s digital world. Competitive edge is crucial in markets where many businesses offer similar products.

Question 52

Corporate ethics

Answer 52

اخلاق شرکتی The company is committed to corporate ethics and ensures that all its business practices are transparent and fair. In recent years, many companies have started implementing stronger corporate ethics to enhance their public image.

Question 53

Global outreach

Answer 53

گسترش جهانی By using social media, the company was able to increase its global outreach and attract customers from around the world.

Question 54

Market dominance

Answer 54

تسلط بر بازار حاکمیت بازار Apple’s market dominance in the smartphone industry allows it to set trends that other companies often follow.

Question 55

Monopoly məˈnɒpəli

Answer 55

has complete control of it so that other organizations cannot compete with it امتیاز انحصاری the government"s monopoly of cigarete production

Question 56

Prestige and status

Answer 56

پرستیژ و جایگاه اجتماعی اعتبار و مقام Gain/acheive Many people pursue higher education to gain prestige and status in society. Owning a luxury car is often associated with prestige and status.

Question 57

Perceived quality

Answer 57

کیفیت ادراک شده Brand packaging has a big impact on the perceived quality of a product. Luxury brands focus on perceived quality to attract high-end customers. (برندهای لوکس روی کیفیت ادراک‌شده تمرکز می‌کنند تا مشتریان سطح بالا را جذب کنند.)

Question 58

Global appeal

Answer 58

جذابیت جهانی. The movie had global appeal, attracting audiences from all over the world. The brand’s global appeal helped it expand into more than 100 countries.

Question 59

Fashion statement

Answer 59

اظهارنظر مد Her bright red dress made a real fashion statement at the party. (لباس قرمز روشنش در مهمانی واقعاً یک اظهار نظر مد بود. *Make a fashion statement He always tries to make a fashion statement with his unique style. (او همیشه سعی می‌کند با سبک خاص خود اظهار نظر مد داشته باشد. Minimalist clothing can also be a powerful fashion statement.

Question 60

Affordability concerns

Answer 60

The government is working to address affordability concerns in the healthcare system. (دولت در تلاش است تا نگرانی‌های مربوط به توان مالی در سیستم بهداشت و درمان را برطرف کند.) Many students have affordability concerns when it comes to studying abroad.

Question 61

Digital divide

Answer 61

شکاف دیجیتال The digital divide refers to the gap between people who have access to modern technology (like the internet, smartphones, computers) and those who do not. It can be caused by poverty, lack of infrastructure, education, or living in rural areas. The digital divide became more serious during the pandemic when schools moved to online learning. In rural villages, many children don’t have internet access, which creates a digital divide in education.

Question 62

Wage gap

Answer 62

شکاف دستمزدی به تفاوت حقوق یا دستمزدی گفته می‌شود که بین دو گروه از افراد وجود دارد، معمولاً بین زنان و مردان، یا بین گروه‌های شغلی و قومی مختلف Many countries are trying to reduce the wage gap between men and women. Global companies often face criticism for the wage gap between employees in rich and poor countries.

Question 63

Cultural fusion

Answer 63

ادغام فرهنگی Cultural fusion is evident in the city’s cuisine, where traditional recipes are mixed with international flavors. The festival celebrated cultural fusion by showcasing music and dance from around the world.

Question 64

Traditional attire əˈtaɪə

Answer 64

Attire لباس uncountable During the cultural festival, everyone wore their country’s traditional attire to celebrate their heritage.

Question 65

Culinary diversity

Answer 65

تنوع آشپزی Embracing culinary diversity can lead to a richer cultural experience and a better understanding of different traditions.

Question 66

Resource exploitation

Answer 66

بهره‌برداری از منابع طبیعی این واژه معمولاً وقتی استفاده می‌شود که بهره‌برداری بیش‌ازحد یا غیرمسئولانه و همراه با آسیب به محیط زیست یا حقوق مردم محلی باشد، بار منفی دارد Excessive resource exploitation in the rainforest has led to serious environmental problems such as deforestation and loss of biodiversity. Sustainable development requires balancing economic growth with the responsible exploitation of natural resources.

Question 67

Deforestation

Answer 67

جنگل زدایی Deforestation in many parts of the world is destroying wildlife habitats and contributing to climate change

Question 68

Eco-friendly solutions

Answer 68

سازگار با محیط زیست Using solar panels is an eco-friendly solution to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Recycling paper and plastic is an eco-friendly solution to manage urban waste.

Question 69

Green technology

Answer 69

فناوری سبز به نوآوری‌های فناورانه‌ای گفته می‌شود که با محیط زیست سازگار هستند و به کاهش آسیب‌های زیست‌محیطی کمک می‌کنند. هدف آن‌ها حفظ منابع طبیعی، کاهش آلودگی و توسعه پایدار است. Examples include: • Solar panels • Electric vehicles • Wind turbines • Water purification systems • Energy-efficient appliances Green technology plays a vital role in fighting climate change and protecting the environment.

Question 70

Pollution levels

Answer 70

سطح آلودگی (Pollution levels) به مقدار مواد مضر موجود در هوا، آب یا خاک گفته می‌شود. Pollution levels in big cities often rise due to heavy traffic and factory emissions.

Question 71

Sustainability initiatives

Answer 71

ابتکارات پایداری The company introduced several sustainability initiatives to reduce its carbon footprint.

Question 72

Industrialization

Answer 72

The negative effects of industrialization include pollution and loss of natural habitats.

Question 73

Disposable income

Answer 73

درآمد قابل خرج یا درآمد قابل تصرف درآمد قابل خرج یا درآمد قابل تصرف به مقدار پولی گفته می‌شود که فرد پس از پرداخت مالیات‌ها در اختیار دارد تا آن را خرج کند یا پس‌انداز نماید During inflation, disposable income may not go as far as it used to

Question 74

Ethical consumption

Answer 74

مصرف اخلاقی به معنی خرید کالاها و خدماتی است که با در نظر گرفتن مسائل انسانی، محیط زیستی و حقوق حیوانات تولید شده‌اند. برای مثال، خرید محصولات بدون ظلم به حیوانات یا کالاهای تولیدشده با رعایت حقوق کارگران Ethical consumption means buying products that are made in a way that is good for people, animals, and the environment Examples of ethical consumption: • Buying fair trade coffee. • Choosing clothing made from organic cotton. • Avoiding fast fashion brands that exploit workers. • Supporting local farmers or eco-friendly companies. Many young consumers prefer ethical consumption over cheap prices. She practices ethical consumption by buying cruelty-free beauty products.