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3 Path Unit > Environment I and II > Flashcards

Environment I and II Flashcards

1
Q

which drug is the major offender causing osteoparosis?

A

corticosteroids

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2
Q

which drugs are primary offenders for PE?

A

oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy

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3
Q

Renal papillary necrosis is caused mainly by which groups of drugs?

A

aspirin and phenacetin

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4
Q

broad spectrum antibiotics are well known to cause what GI problem?

A

pseudomembranous colitis

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5
Q

which bacteria is usually the culprit for psudomembranous colits?

A

C. diff

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6
Q

what makes up the membrane in pseudomembranous colitis?

A

necrotic cellular material and inflammatory cells

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7
Q

The number of cancer survivors is increasing each year because?

A

1) earlier detection

2) Better supportive care and treatment

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8
Q

What is considered one of the largest risk factors for acquiring a secondary cancer?

A

treatment for the primary cancer

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9
Q

why are these cancers usually associated with secondary cancers? (Hodgkins, non Hodgkins, breast cancer, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and cervical cancer)

A

1) treated with radiation and chemotherapy

2) usually occur early in life so more time to get another cancer

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10
Q

which one type of cancer is highly associated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy?

A

Leukemia

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11
Q

which 3 types of cancer are frequently associated with just radiotherapy?

A

Leukemia
Thyroid cancer
Female breast cancer

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12
Q

what are the 4 things that are usually measured in air pollution?

A

1) PM
2) 03
3) SO2
4) NO2

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13
Q

what is the most common sign of asbestos exposure?

A

localized fibrous plaques

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14
Q

which disease process is characteristic of fibrous plaques (focally calcified) in the pleural surface of the diaphragm that can be seen on X-ray?

A

Asbestos related fibrosis

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15
Q

what are the two forms of asbestos fibers?

A

chrysotile (curly and flexable)

amphibole (straight, stiff, brittle)

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16
Q

which type of asbestos fiber is the most common type found is individuals?

A

chrysotile type. It accouts for 95%

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17
Q

which type of asbestos fiber is most pathogenic?

A

Amphibole type. They go deeper into the lungs

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18
Q

which type of asbestos fiber cause lung cancer and fibrosis?

A

Both

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19
Q

when you see fibrosis due to asbestos encasing the heart and lungs as well as the diaphragm, what type of fiber would you suspect is causing this damage?

A

Amphibole type fiber because they are more pathogenic.

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20
Q

T/F smoking + asbestos increasing your risk for lung cancer 2x?

A

False it actually increases it 55 fold

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21
Q

What signs and symptoms arise with CO poisoning?

A 
(just like alcohol intoxication) 
#1 headache followed by:
nausea, breathlessness, dizziness, collapse, loss of consciousness
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22
Q

If you find a person that is bright red (skin) and passed out on the floor what should immediately come to mind? (other than thinking that this man has got redman syndrome for vanco)

A

1) CO poisoning. cherry red skin in blotches.

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23
Q

post CO poisoning, what findings would you expect to see in the brain?

A

1) bilateral necrosis of the globus pallidus
2) sommers sector of hippocampus
3) cerebellar lesions

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24
Q

T/F the average radon concentration in iowa is 6X more than the national average?

A

TRUE

25
Q

How does radon cause pathology?

A

It breaks down in a radioactive fashion releasing alpha particles. These can cause free radicals or directly cause double strand breaks in the DNA

26
Q

What is the leading cause of lung cancer? #2 cause?

A 
#1 smoking. 
#2 is radon
27
Q

T/F Radon is the 7th leading cause of all cancer cancer deaths?

A

TRUE

28
Q

What is the best way to prevent radon from entering into your house?

A 
#1 suck it out before it even enters. 
This would be followed by sealing all cracks and holes entering into your house.
29
Q

T/F lead poisoning is decreasing?

A

TRUE

30
Q

which group of individuals is most prone to having lead poisoning?

A

children

poverty (old houses)

31
Q

what are the main sources of lead by inhalation and by ingestion?

A

Inhalation=occupational

Ingestion=think old house

32
Q

T/F Iowa rate of lead poisoning is about the same as the national average?

A

False it is 4X higher

33
Q

what is the predominant organ for deposition of lead in children?

A

bones within the epiphysial region

34
Q

T/F lead mainly affects the Nervous system, blood, and bones?

A

TRUE

35
Q

can you see lead poisoning on X ray?

A

Yes, you will see it specifically in children as there will be an increased radiodensity in the epiphseal region of the bone.

36
Q

what is considered a high lead load?

A

above 5 ug/dl

37
Q

Decreased IQ, hearing loss, growth retardation, etc usually occur within what range of lead poisoning?

A

at the lower levels from 5-10 ug/dl

38
Q

In which way (primarily) do pesticides and insecticides enter the body?

A

through the skin

39
Q

what effects do insecticides have on the body?

A

Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis/muscle weakness
Bronchorrhea

Bradycardia
Emesis
Lacrimation
Salivation/sweating

40
Q

organophosphates and carbamates cause pathology by?

A

inhibiting cholinesterase

41
Q

T/F insecticides can cause cancer?

A

TRUE

42
Q

which type of radiation causes DNA damage?

A

Ionizing radiation….(UV, X ray, Gamma)

43
Q

which type of radiation has the greatest penetrability?

A

gamma radiation

44
Q

alpha particles break into? beta? gamma?

A

alpha=2 neutrons and 2 protons
beta= electrons from nucleus
gamma=wave energy only

45
Q

radiation exposure from medicine accounts for what percent of of total radiation exposure?

A

about 50%

46
Q

T/F Ionizing radiation injury is directly proportional to mitotic activity, and inversely proportional to degree of differentiation.

A

TRUE

47
Q

where would you see most damage due to radiation…in the lymphocytes or in the skin?

A

lymphocytes because they are more sensitive just like germ cells and bone morrow cells.

48
Q

what do you generally see in the thymus after exposure with radiation?

A

atrophy because it is packed full of lymphocytes.

49
Q

what do cells look like post radiation exposure?

A

nucleus: swelling, vacuolization, lysis
cytoplasm: swelling, vacuolization, mitochondrial changes
overall cell enlargement that looks like cancer.

50
Q

what does radiation exposure do to vessels? 4x

A

1) dilatation
2) swelling/edema
3) hemorrhage
4) fibrosis

51
Q

what are 2 common signs of radiation exposure?

A

1) pitting edema

2) ulcerations

52
Q

histologically, what do you see post radiation?

A

1) atrophy of the epidermis
2) fibrosis of the dermis
3) vascular changes

53
Q

T/F radiation therapy can cause thickening of the pericardium?

A

TRUE

54
Q

what killed most people with the dropping of the atomic bomb?

A

50% bomb blast

50% heat and radiation

55
Q

Radiation exposure causes 3 phases in chronological order which are?

A

1) prodromal phase (nausea, vomiting, cognitive changes)
2) asymptomatic phase (feel fine)
3) principal phase of illness (later effects)

56
Q

at what point does radiation exposure become 100% lethal?

A

above 10 SV units

57
Q

urticaria is mainly caused by what?

A

antibiotics (sulfur) and opiates

58
Q

what is the major offender for diffuse hepatocellular damage?

A

Tylenol, it affects mainly centrolobar zone III

3 Path Unit (5 decks)

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