Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PBD II Exam 1 > Environmental and Nutritional Diseases V > Flashcards

Environmental and Nutritional Diseases V Flashcards

1
Q

appropriate diet

A

sufficient energy
amino acids and FA building blocks
Vits and Minerals - coenzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

primary malnutrition

A

missing component of diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

secondary malnutrition

A

adequate supply of nutrients

-but malabsorption, impaired storage, excess loss, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

causes of dietary insufficiency

A 
poverty
infection
acute/chronic illness
chronic alcoholism
ignorance
self-imposed diet restriction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

PEM

A

protein energy malnutrition

-BMI < 16 kg/m2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chronic alcoholism

A

deficiency in vitamins

-thiamin, pyridoxine, folate, vit A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

thiamine deficiency

A

in chronic alcoholics

-brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

malabsorption

A

non-tropical and tropical sprue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

marasmus

A

depleted somatic compartment
decreased T cells - susceptible to viral infection

serum albumin normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

kwashiorkor

A

depleted visceral compartment

edema, skin, hair changes
-serum albumin decreased

fatty liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cachexia

A

in aids and cancer patients

weight loss, fatigue, muscle atrophy, anorexia, edema, anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

causes of cachexia

A

agents secreted by tumors

PIF

LMF > TNF and IL-6 > acute phase response > C reactive protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

PIF and pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

in cachexia patients

  • skeletal m breakdown
  • via NF-kappaB activation of ubiquitin pathway
  • degrade myosin heavy chain

MuRF1 and MAFBx - two muscle specific ubiquitin ligases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

bulimia

A

more common than anorexia

amenorrhea less than 50%

sign - scars on hands - from gagging self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

highest death rate of psych disorder

A

anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

concerns with bulimia and anorexia

A

hypokalemia***

muscle cramping, paralytic ileus, cardiac arrhythmia and arrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

anorexia

A

amenorrhea very common

also cold intolerance, bradycardia, constipation, skin and hair changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

more readily stored in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

vitamin A

A

retinoids - family name

-retinol is chemical name

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sources of pre-formed Vit A

A

liver, fish, eggs, milk, butter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

provitamins for Vit A

A

carotenoids
-metabolized to Vit A

yellow and leafy green vegetables, carrots, squash, spinach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

beta-carotene

A

efficiently converted to Vit A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Vit A metabolism

A

fat-soluble - to liver

  • stored in Ito cells
  • binds RBP (retinol binding protein) before release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

function of Vit A

A

maintain vision
-rhodopsin in rods and iodopsins in cones

cell growth and differentiation
-mucus epithelium - to squamous metaplasia and then to keratinizing epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

photon causes

A

11-cis retinal to 11-trans retinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

RAR/RXR

A

receptor for retinoic acid - increase growth receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Tx of skin disorders - acne and psoriasis

A

retinoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

vitamin A deficiency

A

night blindness
epithelial squamous metaplasia and keratinzation
-susceptible to pulmonary infection and bladder stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

eye changes in vit A deficiency

A

bitot spots
corneal ulcers
keratomalacia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Vit A toxicity

A

too much - long time ago - people ate livers

acute - HA, dizzy, vomit, bulrry vision
chronic - weight loss, anorexia, nausea, vomit, bone and joint pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Vitamin D

A

maintenance of the calcium and phosphorus levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Vit D deficiency in children

A

rickets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Vit D deficiency in adults

A

osteomalacia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

source of Vit D

A

synthesis in skin

-sun conversion of 7-dehydrochoesterol > cholecalciferol (Vit D3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Vitamin D metabolism

A

Vit D synthesized in skin

  • transport to liver (bound to DBP)
  • liver conversion to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
  • kidney conversion to 1,25 hydroxycholecalciferol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

regulation of 1,25 Vit D formation

A

PTH - increases
hypophosphatemia -increases

both activate alpha-1 hydroxylase**

also negative feedback mechanism

37
Q

effects of 1,25 Vit D

A

skeletal homeostasis

stimulate intestinal Ca absorption
stimulate Ca reabsorption in kidney
increase RANKL - bone breakdown
also effect on bone mineralization

38
Q

Vit D deficiency

A

normal range - 20-100 ng/mL
-deficiency > 20

children - rickets
adult - osteomalacia

elderly - increased bone loss and hip Fxs

39
Q

nonambulatory rickets

A

head and chest stress

  • craniotabes - bones snap back
  • pigeon breast deformity
  • frontal bossing and squared head
  • rachitic rosary
40
Q

ambulatory rickets

A

lumbar lordosis and bowed legs

41
Q

vit D toxicity

A

metastastic calcification of soft tissues
-children

bone pain and hypercalcemia
-adults

42
Q

ascorbic acid

A

Vit C

43
Q

Vit C deficiency

A

scurvy

hemorrhage and healing defects in children and adults

44
Q

Vit C sources

A

need all from diet (no endogenous production)

milk, liver, fish, fruits, veggies

45
Q

antimicrobial effect of Vit D

A

TLRs stimiulated increase vit D receptor expression and increase mitochondria CYP27B

synthesis of catyhelicidin occurs (anti-microbial)

46
Q

function of Vit C

A

activation of prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases from inactive precursors - providing for hydroxylation of procollagen

also antioxidant - scavenge free radicals

47
Q

Vit C deficiency

A

impaired collagen formation
-impaired wound healing
-bleeding tendency
inadequate osteoid synthesis

48
Q

beri beri

A

vit B1 deficiency (thiamine)
alcoholics and africans

can lead to wernicke/korsakoff syndrome

49
Q

wernicke

A

vit B1 deficiency

-CNS - ataxia, ocular problems, dementia

50
Q

korsakoff

A

vit B1 deficiency

-psych - amnesia

51
Q

pellagra

A

vit B3 deficiency (niacin)

-or of tryptophan

3 D’s - dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea

52
Q

riboflavin

A

Vit B2

53
Q

zinc deficiency

A

rash around eyes, mouth, nose, anus

anorexia/diarrhea

growth retardation

depressed mental function

infertility

54
Q

iron deficiency

A

hypochromic microcytic anemia

55
Q

iodine deficiency

A

goiter

hypothyroidism

56
Q

copper deficiency

A

muscle weakness

neuro defects

57
Q

normal BMI range

A

18.5 - 25 kg/m2

58
Q

obese BMI

A

> 30

59
Q

overweight BMI

A

25-30

60
Q

central and visceral adiposity

A

fat in abdomen and mesentery and organs

-higher risk for diseases

61
Q

hypothalamic control of hunger

A

arcuate nucleus

  • POMC/CART - stop eating
  • NPY/AgRP - eat more
62
Q

leptin

A

synthesized by fat cells

stimulate POMC/CART
-to stop eating

63
Q

mutation in MC4R

A

massive obesity

64
Q

thermogenesis

A

mediated by leptin

65
Q

adiponectin

A

stimulates FA oxidation and decrease in fat mass

produced by adipocytes

66
Q

AdipoR1

A

adiponectin receptor in skeletal muscle

67
Q

AdipoR2

A

adiponectin receptor in liver

68
Q

adipose and inflammation

A

pro-inflammatory

-levels of C-reactive protein high

69
Q

orexigenic

A

increased food intake

70
Q

anorexigenic

A

decreased food intake

71
Q

ghrelin

A

only gut hormone that increases food intake

72
Q

PYY

A

from endocrine cell in ileum and colon
-low during fasting, increase after eating

decreased in individuals with prader willi syndrome (ch 15)

reduce food intake and weight gain

73
Q

amylin

A

secreted with insulin from pancreatic beta-cells

-reduces food intake and weight gain

74
Q

activity of PYY and amylin

A

activate POMC/CART

-dont eat

75
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

visceral or intra-abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, HTN, low HDL

76
Q

non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

A

in obese

77
Q

cholelithiathis

A

gallstones

-6x more likely in obese patients

78
Q

pickwickian syndrome

A

hypoventilation in obese individuals

obesity with hypersomnolence as well

79
Q

results of obesity

A

insulin resistance

  • DM II
  • hyperinsulinemia

increased IGF-1

80
Q

obese males and cancer

A

BMI > 25

-associatd with increased adenocarcinoma of esophagus, thyroid, colon, kidney

81
Q

obese females and cancer

A

BMI > 25

-increased adenocarcinomas of esophagus, endometrium, gallbladder, kidney

82
Q

mechanism of obesity and cancer

A

hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance

-increased IGF-1

mitogenic and anti-apoptotic

also increased steroid hormones

83
Q

adiponectin in obese

A

role in insulin sensitization

low levels - lead to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance

84
Q

aflatoxin

A

development in hepatocellular carcinomas and asia and africa

-causes p53 mutations

85
Q

nitrosamines and nitrosamides

A

formation of gastric carcinomas

-formed in body from ingested nitrites and nitrates

86
Q

colon cancer and diet

A

high animal fat intake with low fiber

87
Q

fiber

A

increased intake related to decreased risk of colon cancer

88
Q

poly-unsaturated fatty acids

A

in fish oils

decrease in atherosclerosis

89
Q

recommended diet

A

veggies, fruits, whole grains, olive and peanut oils, complex carbs, low in salt

PBD II Exam 1 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions