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Science Nine > Environmental Chemistry Part One > Flashcards

Environmental Chemistry Part One Flashcards

1
Q

Why is nitrogen important?

A

It is required by plants to make substances necessary to life.

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2
Q

How can Nitrates be added?

A
  • nitrogen fixing plants (clovers, beans, alfalfa)
  • fertilizers/ compost/ manure
  • lightning
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3
Q

How can Nitrates be taken away?

A
  • bacteria that convert soil into free N2
  • water carries away nitrates
  • harvesting plants
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4
Q

What are the natural processes?

A

Chemical cycles- cycling of elements and compounds through the environment (water)

Cellular respiration- food chemicals and oxygen are used to provide the body with energy, carbon dioxide is produced.

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5
Q

What are Human Activities?

A

Pollution- any change in the environment that produces conditions harmful to living things (smog and forest fires.)

Agricultural Activities- farmers use chemicals to help control the growth of their crops

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6
Q

Examples of Agricultural Activities?

A

Fertilizers- chemicals added to the soil to increase plant growth (different ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium used to produce different things)

Crop Rotation- crops that are nitrogen fixing increases soil nitrates

Pesticides- chemicals used to kill pests (herbicides=weeds; insecticides=insects’ fungicides-fungus)

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7
Q

Problems of Pesticides?

A
  • not selective and kills pests and non-pests
  • some remain in the environment and can be passed onto other organisms
  • pests can become resistant to them
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8
Q

What are organic foods?

A

Foods grown in an environment free of pesticides

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9
Q

What are more Human Activities? 2

A

Solid wastes- garbage that cannot be recycles is put into land fills lined with plastic and clay.

wastewater/sewage- water with dissolved/undissolved materials is carried by pipes to a septic tank and to water treatment plants

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10
Q

How is sewage treated?

A

septic tanks- Underground containers where bacteria breakdown organic materials before they are moved out into the soil

Sewage treatment plant- treats wastewater and releases (effluent) into rivers and lakes. Often have nitrogen and phosphorus.

Storm Sewers- large areas used to collect street water before released into rivers and lakes. Contains chemical from the street.

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11
Q

What are more Human activities? 3

A

Fuel Combustion- oxygen is used to burn fossil fuels and energy (H2O and CO2) is released

Industrial Processes- power generation, mineral processing, fertilizer production, etc

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12
Q

What are fossil fuels? Natural gases?

A

Fossil Fuels- Fuels formed from dead plants and animals. (coal, oil, natural gas)

Natural gas-Composed of various compounds that can be seperated and used.

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13
Q

What is pH?

A

A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solutions.

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14
Q

Traits of Acids?

A
  • taste sour
  • soluble in water
  • corrosive
  • conduct electricity
  • react with metals
  • most formulas start with H
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15
Q

Traits of Bases?

A
  • taste bitter
  • soluble in water
  • feel slippery
  • corrosive
  • conduct electricity
  • react with acids
  • found in soaps, detergents
  • end in OH
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16
Q

What are acids? Bases?

A

Acid- a compound that dissolves in water to form a solution with a pH lower than 7

Base- a compound that dissolves in water to form a solution with a pH higher than 7

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17
Q

What is Neutral ?

A

A pH of 7.

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18
Q

What is a universal indicator?

A

shows a wide variety of colors, each indicating a different pH when compared to a color chart

19
Q

What is neutralization?

A

A reaction where an acid and base come together to produce water and a salt.

20
Q

What is a neutralization reaction?

A

A reaction between an acid and a base where water (HOH) and salt are formed.

21
Q

What are buffers ?

A

A substance that can neutralize either an acid or a base.

22
Q

What is CHON?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

23
Q

What are organic and inorganic materials?

A

Organic- molecules with carbon

Inorganic- molecules without carbon

24
Q

What are nutrients?

A

elements and compounds needed for living, growing, reproducing

25
Q

What are macro nutrients?

A

9 elements needed in large amounts- CHON, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulfur

26
Q

What are micro nutrients?

A

Elements need only in trace amounts (ex. iron, selenium)

27
Q

What are optimum amounts?

A

The right amount of nutrients

28
Q

What are carbohydrate molecules?

A

They are made up of CHO.
- found in foods like pasta, potatoes, rice

29
Q

What are the two categories of carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars- one or two sub units long (ex. glucose from photosynthesis)

Complex carbohydrates- long repeating chains of glucose joined together. (ex. starch, glycogen)

30
Q

What are lipids?

A

Made up of CHO atoms
- produced by plants and animals (fats, waxes, oils)

31
Q

What are proteins?

A
  • made up of CHON
  • used for growth, repair, energy source
  • made of amino acids (each has own number and arrangement)
32
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Specialized proteins that control the rate of chemical reactions in the body

33
Q

What are Nucleic acids?

A

Made up of CHON and phosphate
- largest, most complex molecules in organisms (DNA, RNA)

34
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Movement of molecules that do not require an input of energy

35
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Natural movement of molecules from high concentration to low. (anything but water)

36
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water molecules across a membrane due to a concentration gradient (high to low) only with water

37
Q

What is active transport?

A

energy is used to move molecules against the concentration gradient (low to high)

38
Q

What is ingestion?

A

taking food into the body

39
Q

What is mechanical breakdown in organisms?

A

physical breakdown of food by chewing

40
Q

What is chemical breakdown in organisms?

A

Enzymes breakdown food into its smallest particles through hydrolysis

41
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

addition of water breaks down large food particles into its smallest form (become hydrolyzed)

42
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The material on which an organism lives. Some attach to their substrates and some feed off of them.

43
Q

What color does litmus paper turn in bases/acids?

A

Blue litmus paper turns red in acids.
Red litmus turns blue in bases.

Science Nine (15 decks)

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