Environmental Factors and Physical Performance

Question 1

Environmental factors that affect performance

Answer 1

• temperature
  -humidity
  -wind
  -precipitation

Question 2

Core temperature

Answer 2

(Tc) temperature deep in the body, needs to be regulated or you’ll die

Question 3

Shell temperature

Answer 3

skin/surface temperature, can fluctuate

Question 4

Thermoregulation: thermal receptors

Answer 4

sensors for temperature in hypothalamus and skin

Question 5

Thermoregulation: thermal effectors

Answer 5

skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and sweat glands that respond to stimuli, in receptors

Question 6

Thermoregulation: hyperthermia

Answer 6

too much heat production and not enough heat loss

Question 7

conduction

Answer 7

heat transferred through direct contact (ice pack)

Question 8

convection

Answer 8

heat transfer between the body and liquid/gas around the body

Question 9

radiation

Answer 9

loss of heat through the movement of infrared rays from the skin to the environment

Question 10

evaporation

Answer 10

heat loss from water on the skin transforming to water vapor

Question 11

less efficient sweating

Answer 11

• drips (not all evaporated)
• we wipe it off
• clothes
• humid air

Question 12

Effects of heat acclimatization

Answer 12

• increased total body water by 5%
• increased plasma volume
• dilutes sweat (fewer electrolytes)
• reduced muscle glycogen use rate
  -sweating starts earlier and at a lower core temp.
• decrease in the psychological perception of effort

Question 13

Heat illnesses

Answer 13

• heat cramps
• heat syncope
• heat exhaustion
• heat stroke

Question 14

habituation

Answer 14

the desensitization of normal response to cold

Question 15

metabolic acclimatization

Answer 15

more shivering to increase heat production

Question 16

insulative acclimatization

Answer 16

increased vasoconstriction to enhance heat conservation

Question 17

exercising in the cold

Answer 17

• lower heart rate and increased stroke volume to maintain cardiac output
• wear layers
• shivering increases glycogen breakdown
• high body fat = high heat retention