Environmental Health Pt. 1 Flashcards
(49 cards)
factors that contribute to antiparasitic resistance
-biology of the parasite
-strength of the infected animal’s immune system
-practices used to treat the parasite
-properties of the particular antiparasitic drug used
-certain livestock management practices
FDA’s strategy to combat antiparasitic resistance is called
Antiparasitic Resistance Management Strategy
-promotes sustainable use of approved antiparasitic drugs in livestock and horses
-since 2018, requests that animal drug companies voluntarily disclose antiparasitic resistance information
Proper use of antiparasitics includes:
-proper dosing
-give directly to animal instead of adding to feed or water
-close monitoring of herds and flocks to determine the extent of antiparasitic resistance
-should only be used as part of an overall internal parasite control program that includes other non-drug methods ie. rotating pastures, avoiding over-grazing, managing manure
A Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) of 90-95% means:
the parasite treatment was efficacious
A Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) of <90% means:
indicates resistance
A community of living and non-living things that work together
Ecosystem
Ecosystems of the world -
-agroecosystem
-aquatic ecosystem
-coral reefs
-deserts
-forests
-human ecosystems
-littoral zone
-marine ecosystem
-prairie
-rainforest
-savanna
-steppe
-taiga
-tundra
-urban ecosystem
the study of how living things (individuals, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere) interact with each other in the environment, including the
ecology
Energy flow pyramid
Producers > primary consumers > secondary consumers > tertiary consumers on top
Carbon cycle
-carbon is chemical backbone of life on Earth
-most is stored in rocks and sediments, other located in ocean, atmosphere, and living organisms
-plants move C from the atmosphere into the biosphere through photosynthesis
-respiration, excretion and decomposition release C back into the atmosphere or soil
T/F: the ocean holds 50 times more C than the atmosphere
T
Extra CO2 released from burning fossil fuels is resulting in lowering the ocean’s pH, through a process called
ocean acidification
__% of the earth’s atmosphere is Nitrogen
78%
Nitrification
Process where ammonium is changed into nitrates by bacteria, which can be absorbed by plants
Assimilation
plants absorb nitrates from the soil in their roots and then utilize the nitrogen in forming amino acids, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll
Fixation
Lightning can change atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate (useable form), or bacteria change nitrogen into ammonium
Ammonification
when plant or animal dies, fungi or bacteria convert nitrogen back into ammonium
Denitrification
Extra nitrogen in the soil gets put back into the air, sometimes by bacteria
Steps of nitrogen cycle
1) fixation
2) nitrification
3) assimilation
4) ammonification
5) denitrification
algae is estimated to replace 90% of all oxygen used in the biosphere
N/A
Oxygen is second only to N in abundance in the atmsphere
N/A
water cycle
liquid water evaporates into water vapor, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates back to earth in the form of rain and snow.
Water in different phases moves through the atmosphere (transportation). Liquid water flows across land (runoff), into the ground (infiltration and percolation), and through the ground (groundwater). Groundwater moves into plants (plant uptake) and evaporates from plants into the atmosphere (transpiration). Solid ice and snow can turn directly into gas (sublimation).
Natural Resource Management
the sustainable utilization of major natural resources such as land, water, air, minerals, forests, fisheries, and wild flora and fauna
ultimate goal of wildlife conservation
stop the loss of Earth’s biodiversity
