Food Protection Pt. 2

Question 1

Naturally-occurring chemical/toxicological hazards

Answer 1

toxins produced by plants, animals or microorganisms

ie. aflatoxins in peanuts, poisonous neuro toxins in mushrooms, scombotoxins in fish

Question 2

Intentionally added chemical/toxicological hazards

Answer 2

chemicals added beyond acceptable limits

ie. sodium nitrate additives

Question 3

unintentionally added chemical/toxicological hazards

Answer 3

sanitation or maintenance chemicals, pesticides or environmental pollutants

Question 4

toxic metals include:

Answer 4

copper, brass, cadmium, lead, zinc

Question 5

Big 8 food allergens

Answer 5

1. crustaceans
2. eggs
3. fish
4. milk (dairy)
5. peanuts
6. soy
7. tree nuts
8. wheat

Question 6

T/F: Food allergens are considered chemical hazards by the FDA

Answer 6

T

Question 7

Chemical hazards of meat and poultry found in raw materials

Answer 7

pesticides, antibiotics, hormones, toxins, fertilizers, fungicides, heavy metals, PCBs

Question 8

Potential sources/routes of contamination in food

Answer 8

-incoming materials
-food contact surfaces
-non-food chemicals
-employees
-zinc in galvanized containers can make acidic foods poisonous
-incorrect labeling of food allergens
- cross contamination

Question 9

Hazard that may be intentionally added to milk for purpose of economic gain

Answer 9

melamine (artificially increases apparent protein content)

Question 10

Hazard that may be intentionally added to tumeric for purpose of economic gain

Answer 10

lead chromate
-chemical with vibrant yellow color

Question 11

Hazard that may be intentionally added to chili powder for purpose of economic gain

Answer 11

Sudan I
-orange-red powder added as a coloring agent but is a carcinogen

Question 12

Animal drug residues may be of concern for what kind of foods?

Answer 12

Foods on animal origin ie. muscle/organ meat, eggs, honey and milk

Question 13

heavy metals may be of concern in what type of foods?

Answer 13

foods that are the result of agricultural practices such as use of pesticides containing heavy metals or because crops are grown in soil containing elevated levels of heavy metals due to industrial waste, leaching from equipment, containers, etc.

Question 14

Where are mycotoxins most commonly found?

Answer 14

Grains, peanuts, fruits, and tree nuts

Question 15

acidic foods can become contaminated in gray enamelware containers and become poisonous

Answer 15

N/A

Question 16

types of mycotoxin and commodities where they are most commonly found

Answer 16

-aflatoxin (peanuts, dried corn, tree nuts)
-ochratoxin (coffee, raisins, cereal grains)
-fumonisins (dried corn)
-deoxynivalenol (wheat, barley)
-patulin (apples)

Question 17

common types of radiological contamination in food

Answer 17

-iodine 131
-radium-226/228, uranium
-plutonium 239
-strontium 96
-cesium 137

Question 18

routes of radiological contamination of food

Answer 18

-via contaminated water
-accidental contamination (release from nuclear facility)
-iodine 131 via milk and surface water supplies

Question 19

food types with highest risk of radiological contamination

Answer 19

milk, vegetables, seafood

Question 20

common types of physical contaminants in food

Answer 20

metal, glass, plastic (usually from manufacturing equipment, picked up when food harvested in the fields, or people-related)

Question 21

who establishes tolerances for veterinary drugs?

Answer 21

FDA

Question 22

who establishes tolerances for registered pesticides?

Answer 22

EPA

Question 23

role of FSIS National Residue Program

Answer 23

monitors for violative residues in meat, poultry, and egg products

Question 24

What does FDA’s “TALK Before You Treat” program stand for?

Answer 24

T - talk to your vet before giving any drug
A - ask if drug is approved by FDA for use in animals
L - look at the label; make sure dosage, etc is correct before giving
K - keep complete treatment records

Question 25

steps to prevent drug residues in milk

Answer 25

1. establish valid VCPR 2. keep accurate records of abx use 3. implement preventive herd health plan 4. maintain milk quality and implement effective mastitis management program to reduce need for abx 5. have proper employee training 6. use drugs approved for specific disease indications according to label 7. don’t use drugs that aren’t approved for use in specific class of cattle 8. segregate and milk treated animals after or in separate facility from non-treated animals to prevent commingling of milk 9. use drug residue screening tests before marketing milk/meat 10. don’t market milk and/or cull treated animals if in doubt about residue status

Question 26

structural biosecurity

Answer 26

measures used in the physical construction and maintenance of coops, pens, poultry houses, family farms, commercial farms, and other facilities

Question 27

operational biosecurity

Answer 27

practices, procedures, policies that are consistently followed by people

Question 28

methods of prevention of pathogen colonization in animals (cattle)

Answer 28

-good sanitation esp. during warm months -separate housing of calves and heifers to prevent cross-contamination -appropriate animal density -feeding strategies (ie. fasting before slaughter to reduce fecal output and E. coli shedding) -clean/chlorinated water -vaccines -probiotics -competitive exclusion (non-pathogenic bacteria exclude pathogenic bacteria from colonizing) -prebiotics (nondigestible feed ingredients that stimulate growth of favorable bacteria) -synbiotics (combo of pre and probiotics) -botanicals/phytogenics (plant-derived compounds that have antimicrobial actions) -bacteriophages (virus that kill bacteria)

Question 29

2 main pathways that bacteria develop resistance

Answer 29

1) mutations of chromosomes 2) mobile genetic elements (ie. plasmids/replicons)

Question 30

5 Principles to develop antimicrobial stewardship in a veterinary practice setting

Answer 30

1. commit to stewardship 2. advocate for a system of care to prevent common diseases -identify barriers to improve dz prevention -consider alternatives to abx 3. select and use antimicrobial drugs judiciously 4. evaluate antimicrobial drug use practices 5. educate and build expertise -support research, educate clients

Question 31

Summarized AABP prudent drug usage guidelines

Answer 31

-only use abx within a valid VCPR -strong clinical evidence is needed before using drugs -product choices and regimens should be based on science with a specific clinical outcome desired -use at appropriate dosage/duration for condition treated -avoid treating chronic cases if likelihood of abx resistance is high -combo abx therapy is discouraged -local therapy preferred over systemic when appropriate -prophylactic use of abx should not be standard practice -avoid compounding abx -don’t prescribe too high of a quantity to prevent stockpiling on the farm -vets should attend CE and play major role in training farm personnel on proper use of abx

Question 32

pathogens that pose an “urgent threat” for abx resistance

Answer 32

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter Candida auris Clostridioides difficile Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae Drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 33

pathogens that pose a “serious threat” for abx resistance

Answer 33

Drug-resistant Campylobacter Drug-resistant Candida ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa Drug-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella Drug-resistant Salmonella serotype Typhi Drug-resistant Shigella Methicillin-resistant Staph aureus (MRSA) Drug-resistant Strep pneumoniae Drug-resistant Tuberculosis

Question 34

NIAMRRE

Answer 34

National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education (NIAMRRE) -drives cross-sector engagement and coordinated action to combat the global threat of abx resistance across humans, animals, and the environment

Question 35

Which bacteria are of concern for abx resistance in both humans and animals?

Answer 35

-Enterobacteriaceae -Acinetobacter -MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa -Drug-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella -Campylobacter -Methicillin-resistant Staph aureus (MRSA)