Environmental Science - Ch 6

Question 1

Ethics

Answer 1

A set of moral principles or values used to determine right or wrong

Question 2

Economics

Answer 2

A social science that focuses on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

Question 3

Relativists

Answer 3

Believe that ethics vary depending on the context of the problem

Question 4

Universalists

Answer 4

Define objective notions of right and wrong that hold across many cultures and contexts

Question 5

Ethical Standards

Answer 5

The criteria that help to differentiate right from wrong

Question 6

Principle of Utility

Answer 6

Something is right when it produces the greatest practical benefits for the most people

Question 7

Instrumental Value

Answer 7

Something is valued for the pragmatic beliefs that it brings us

Question 8

Intrinsic Value

Answer 8

Something is believed to have a right to exist and is valuable for its own sake

Question 9

Environmental Ethics

Answer 9

The application of ethical standards to the relationship between people and non - human entities

Question 10

Anthropocentrism

Answer 10

A human centered view. Non human things are given little or no intrinsic value.

Question 11

Biocentrism

Answer 11

Ascribes intrinsic value to both human and nonhuman life

Question 12

Ecocentrism

Answer 12

Judges actions based on their effects on ecological systems, including nonliving elements

Question 13

John Muir

Answer 13

Believer in transcendentalism, promoted the preservation ethic

Question 14

Preservation Ethic

Answer 14

We should protect nature in its pristine, unaltered state

Question 15

Gifford Pinchot

Answer 15

Founder of the US Forest Service, created the conservation ethic

Question 16

Conservation Ethic

Answer 16

People should use natural resources in a wise, careful manner in order to provide the greatest good for the greatest number of people for the longest period of time

Question 17

Development Ethic

Answer 17

Opposed by both Muir and Pinchot; Promotes economic development as a priority

Question 18

Aldo Leopold

Answer 18

Author of “A Sand County Almanac”

Question 19

Economy

Answer 19

A social system that converts resources into goods and services

Question 20

Goods

Answer 20

Material commodities

Question 21

Services

Answer 21

Work done for others

Question 22

Ecosystem Goods

Answer 22

Include fresh water, trees that provide timber, energy from the sun, wind, water and fossil fuels

Question 23

Ecological Services

Answer 23

Include air and water purification, climate regulation, pollination and waste recycling

Question 24

Classical Economics

Answer 24

The marketplace will behave as if guided by an “invisible hand” to benefit society

Question 25

Neoclassical Economics

Answer 25

Describes a conflict between buyers, who want a low price, and sellers, who want a high price

Question 26

Supply

Answer 26

The amount of product offered for sale at a given price

Question 27

Demand

Answer 27

The amount of product people will buy at a given price

Question 28

Cost - Benefit Analysis

Answer 28

Compares the estimated cost of a proposed action with its benefits

Question 29

Environmental Economics

Answer 29

Goal is to attain sustainability within our economic systems

Question 30

Ecological Economics

Answer 30

Economies should attain a stability, much like natural populations do in the face of environmental limitations

Question 31

Discounting

Answer 31

Future effects are granted less value than ones in the present

Question 32

Nonmarket Values

Answer 32

Not a part of the price of a good or service

Question 33

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Answer 33

The total monetary value of goods and services produced in a year

Question 34

Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)

Answer 34

Adds in unpaid positive contributions, such as parenting and volunteering

Question 35

Market Failure

Answer 35

Occurs when positive outside forces and external costs are not considered

Question 36

Ecolabeling

Answer 36

Advertising sustainable practices on the labels of certain products to attract more customers

Question 37

Greenwashing

Answer 37

Corporate greening efforts pursued mostly for PR with little impact

Question 38

Sustainable Development

Answer 38

A form of economic progress that maintains resources for the future