Enzymes

Question 1

What are the parts of Ionized Amino Acids

Answer 1

Amino group, Carboxyl group, R group, alpha carbon (with an H bond)

Question 2

What link is made between amino acids

Answer 2

peptide bonds

Question 3

When amino acids link together, what groups make a peptide bond and which atoms?

Answer 3

Carbon of the carbonyl group and Nitrogen of the Amide group

Question 4

What kind of bond is a peptide bond

Answer 4

covalent bond

Question 5

What occurs when amino acid bonds are made

Answer 5

dehydration reaction (H2O) is lost

Question 6

what is at the end of an amino acid chain

Answer 6

amino terminus (n-term)

Question 7

what is at the start of amino acid chains

Answer 7

carboxyl terminus (c-term)

Question 8

How can you tell when an R group is hydrophobic?

Answer 8

when there are non-polar bonds (C-C, C-H) and have no charges

Question 9

How do you know when an R group is Hydrophilic

Answer 9

Has oxygen and nitrogen and can have charges (there can be nitrogen in hydrophobic R chains but in hydrophilic chains where there is ONLY nitrogen there is usually a charge)

Question 10

What do you call a negatively charged amino acid

Answer 10

negatively charged (acidic) polar amino acids

Question 11

what do you call a positively charged amino acid?

Answer 11

positively charged (basic) polar amino acid

Question 12

Where do Hydrophilic R side chains reside in folded proteins

Answer 12

exterior as they are attracted to water

Question 13

Where do Hydrophobic R side chains reside in folded proteins

Answer 13

Interior as they are repelled by water

Question 14

Polymer of amino acids

Answer 14

Peptide

Question 15

polymer of more than 10 amino acids

Answer 15

Polypeptides

Question 16

Polypeptides folded into 3d shapes

Answer 16

Proteins

Question 17

What are most enzymes made of?

Answer 17

Proteins

Question 18

What structure consists of a sequence of amino acids

Answer 18

1° Structure - Polypeptide

Question 19

What structure is made from the primary structures folded into helices

Answer 19

2° structure: Alpha helices

Question 20

What bonds in the proteins to create an alpha helix structure

Answer 20

Oxygen in Carbonyl group and Hydrogen in amide group

Question 21

What type of bond does the hydrogen and oxygen make to hold alpha helices together?

Answer 21

hydrogen bond

Question 22

What structure consists of polypeptides folded into sheets

Answer 22

2 ° Structure: Beta sheets

Question 23

What bonds are form to hold B sheets together

Answer 23

hydrogen bonds between carbonyl group and amide group

Question 24

What type of structure is composed of secondary structures folded into 3D shapes

Answer 24

3° Structure

Question 25

What groups interact to make 3° structures?

Answer 25

R groups interacting together (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, vander waals, covalent bonds)

Question 26

The overall shape of a protein

Answer 26

3 ° tertiary structure

Question 27

What structure is made out of tertiary structures

Answer 27

4 ° structures

Question 28

Energy required to get a reaction going

Answer 28

Activation energy

Question 29

What state is when the activation energy is being overcome

Answer 29

Transition state

Question 30

what are ways to speed up chemical reactions

Answer 30

increase temperatures, increase concentration of reactants, add a catalyst (enzyme, ribozyme)

Question 31

what do enzymes do?

Answer 31

decrease activation energy

Question 32

does the change in free energy get affected by enzymes?

Answer 32

no

Question 33

where can substrates bind in ezymes

Answer 33

active site

Question 34

what does ES complex mean

Answer 34

Enzyme-substrate complex after the substrate binds to enzyme

Question 35

what are the 3 ways enzymes lower activation energy

Answer 35

bring molecules together, exposing reactant to altered charged environments that promote catalysis, change the shape of a substrate molecule

Question 36

Rate of enzyme reaction

Answer 36

enzyme kinetics

Question 37

what is the loss of protein activity

Answer 37

inactivation

Question 38

loss of protein structure

Answer 38

densturation

Question 39

enzymes work best at what PH

Answer 39

7

Question 40

what temperate is the enzyme most stable

Answer 40

37 C