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Metabolomics > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Describe a cell

A

Small a lot of reactions occur

-cell extracts energy stored in sugars and other fuels and us to perform work

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2
Q

Organisms metabolism

A

All of an organisms chemical reactions

  • Begins with a specific molecules and ends with a product
  • each step is catalyzed by a enzyme
  • transformation of matter and energy
  • subjected to the laws of thermodynamics
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3
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

-breakdown complex molecules into simpler compounds to create/make energy

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4
Q

Example of catabolic pathway

A

Cellular respiration

-breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen

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5
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

use/consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

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6
Q

Example of anabolic pathway

A

synthesis of proteins from amino acids

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7
Q

Energy

A

Is the capacity to cause change

  • they can be converted from one form to another
  • some forms can perform work
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8
Q

Bioenergetics

A

study of how energy flows through living organisms

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9
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy associated with motion

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10
Q

Example of Kinetic Energy

A

Heat (thermal) energy

-movement of atoms or molecules

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11
Q

Potential Energy

A

Energy that matter posses because of its location or structure

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12
Q

Chemical Energy

A

form of potential energy

-released in a chemical reaciton

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13
Q

Forms of Energy

A

Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
Chemical Energy

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14
Q

Example of Transformation from potential energy to kinetic energy?

A

Diving

  • converts potential energy to kinetic energy
  • Diver has more potential energy on the platform
  • Diver has less potential energy in the water
  • Climibing up converts the kinetic energy of muscles movement to potential energy
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15
Q

Themordynamics

A

the study of energy stransformations

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16
Q

Isolated System

A

System unable to exchange energy or matter with surroundings

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17
Q

Open system

A

System and surroundings can exchange energy and matter

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18
Q

Which type of system do living organisms represent?

A

Open system

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19
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A
  • AKA principle of conservation of energy
  • Energy of the universe is conserved
  • Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
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20
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

Cells require a constant input of Energy to maintain high level of organization
AND
-energy transfer/transformation increases the entropy of the universe

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21
Q

Consequence of 1st law of Thermo:

A

we can’t obtain all necessary E from environment

CANT MAKE ENERGY themself

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22
Q

Entropy and Spontaneity

A

Living cells convert organized forms of energy to heat adding to the spontaneity

  • spontaneous processes occur without energy input
  • they can occur quickly or slowly
  • without energy they must increase the entropy of the universe
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23
Q

Example of a Spontaneous process that is quick

A

Evaporation of water

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24
Q

Example of a spontaneous process that is slow

A

oxidation of metals

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25
Biological order and disorder
Cells Create ordered structures from less ordered materials | -organims can also replace ordered forms of matter and energy with less ordered forms
26
In what form does energy flow into an ecosystem?
form of light and exists in the form of heat
27
Evolution and adaption effects on entropy
entropy(disorder) may decrease in an organism but the universes total entropy increases
28
Delta G
Free energy change of a reaction | -tells us whether or not the reactions occur spontaneously
29
What is a living systems free energy
energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform -aka living cell
30
Negative Delta G means
Spontaneous reaction
31
Spontaneous processes
can be harnessed to perform work | -only when its moving toward equilibrium
32
Free Energy defintion
a measure of a systems instability | -its tendency to change to amore stable state
33
During a spontaneous change what happens to Delta G in relation to stability?
DG decreases and Stability increases
34
Equilibrium
state of maximum stability - all reactions are balance - in a cell=death
35
Exergonic Reaction
net release of free energy - spontaneous - catabolic
36
Endergonic reaction
absorbs free energy (G>0) from its surroundings ----------------nonspontaneous -anabolic
37
Relationship of free energy (G) to stability, work capacity and spontaneous change
More free energy (higher G) Less Stable Greater Work Capacity
38
Reactions in a closed system
eventually reach equilibrium=NO WORK done
39
Cells that are not in equilibrium
are open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials
40
catabolic pathways in a cell
releases free energy in a series of reactions
41
Metabolism
Nerver at equilibrium
42
ATP
powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions - cells energy shuttle - composed of ribose (sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and 3 phosphate gropus - renewable resource
43
What are the 3 main types of work a cell does? How are they powered?
1) Chemical 2) Transport 3) Mechanical powered by hydrolysis of ATP
44
Energy coupling in cells
mediated by ATP
45
hydrolysis of ATP
breaks the terminal phosphate bond in ATP - releasess energy from the terminal phosphate bone - not from the phosphate bond themselves but from the chemical change to a site of lower free energy
46
How does ATP drive endergonic reactions
Phosphorylation - transfer phosphate group to other molecule (ex: reactant) - recipient molecule called phosphorylated intermediate
47
Regeneration of ATP
regenerated by addition of phosphate group to ADP | -energy to ADP comes from catabolic reactions in the cell
48
ATP cycle
revolving door through which energy passes during its transfer from catabolic to anabolic pathways
49
Enzymes
speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers | -is a catalytic protein that is encoded by genes
50
catalyst
chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
51
Example of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
Hydrolysis of sucrose by enzyme sucrase into Glucose and Fructose
52
Activation Energy Barrier (Ea)
initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction | -supplied in the form of thermal energy that the reactant molecules absorb from their surroundings
53
How enzymes speed up reactions
catalyze reactions by lower the Ea barrier Do not Affect the change in free Energy (G), instead they speed up reactions that would occur eventually
54
Substrate specificity of enzymes
Induced fit | -substrate bring chemical groups of the active site into portion that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction
55
The active site can lower an Ea barrier by:
1) arrange orientation substrates correctly 2) Straining covalent bonds 3) Providing a suitable microenvironment 4) Weakly bonding to substrate
56
An enzymes activity can be affected by?
temperature and pH (general environmental factors) | chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme
57
Optimal conditions of enzyme
favor the most active shape for the enzyme molecule | -optimal pH and temperature affects functipn
58
Cofactors
nonprotein enzyme helpers | -may be inorganic such as a metal or ion (Zn or Mg) or organic
59
Conenzyme
organic cofactor | -include vitamins
60
Enzyme inhibitors
May be natural or aritificia 1) Competivie inhibitors 2) Noncompetive inhibitors Natural-anthrax, nerve gas
61
Competitive inhibitors
bind to the active site of enzyme | compete with substrate
62
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Inhibitor binds to another part of an enzyme, inducing a conformation change causing the active site to be less effective
63
Altered amino acid in enzymes result in
Novel enzyme activity or altered substrate specificity
64
What does regulating enzyme help control?
Metabolism

Metabolomics (3 decks)

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