Enzymes , Enzymes and Digestion Flashcards
(36 cards)
Why to reactions need to be controlled carefully?
To ensure there are the right amount of substances
What is one usual way of making a reaction happen faster?
What are the problems with this? (2)
Raise the temperature
It would also speed up the unwanted reactions.
There’s a limit to how far the temperature can be raised inside of a living creature without its cells being damaged.
Why do living things produce enzymes?
To act as biological catalysts.
Enzymes reduce the need for…., and we only have enzymes to speed up the …. reactions in our bodies.
Enzymes reduce the need for high temperatures and we only have enzymes to speed up the useful chemical reactions in our bodies.
What is a catalyst?
A substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction.
What are enzymes made of?
What are these made up of?
How do enzymes do their jobs using the above?
They are made of proteins
These are made of chains of amino acids
They fold into unique shapes to do their particular job.
What do proteins do in the body? (used for? 4)
Catalysts
Act as structural components of tissues (muscles)
Hormones
Antibodies
Why do enzymes have special shapes?
To catalyse reactions
When do things split apart or join together?
In chemical reactions
What does every enzyme have?
A unique shape that fits onto another substance in the reaction
How many reactions can enzymes typically catalyse?
One
Why do enzymes typically catalyse one reaction?
For the enzyme to work they must fit with the substance. If the substance doesn’t fit the enzyme’s special shape, the reaction won’t be catalysed. E.g a key in a lock, they have to fit together to work.
Enzymes need just the right conditions to work properly…
They aren’t….
They aren’t versatile
Enzymes need two things…
The right temperature
The right PH
Changing the … and … changes the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction.
The temperature
The PH
What effect does the temperature have on the enzyme... As temperature increases... Gets too hot... Effect on the enzyme... What is the optimum temperature?
The rate of reaction increases.
The enzyme’s bonds begin to break, destroying the enzyme’s special shape so it no longer works. This is denatured.
The optimum temp where enzymes work the best is 37 in a human , the enzyme is most active, any over it will denature.
What effect does the temperature have on the enzyme…
Effect on the enzyme…
What is the optimum PH?
As the levels get to high or too low they interfere with the bonds of the enzyme.
Changes its shape and denatures it.
All have an optimum, sometimes 7, but pepsin used to breakdown proteins in the stomach works best in the acidic pH of the stomach, 2.
Where do enzymes work?
Inside and outside cells
What do digestive enzymes do to big molecules?
They break them down into smaller ones
Give three examples of big molecules, to big to pass through the walls of the digestive system…
How are they made to fit?
Starch
Proteins
Fats
Digestive enzymes break them down into smaller molecules.
Give four examples of small molecules, that can pass easily through the walls of the digestive system…
Sugars
Amino acids
Glycerol
Fatty Acids
Where are amylase enzymes made? 3
What does they do?
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine
Converts starch into sugars e.g maltose
Where are protease enzymes made? 3
What does they do?
Stomach (called pepsin here)
Pancreas
Small intestine
Converts proteins into amino acids
Where are lipase enzymes made? 2
What do they do?
Pancreas Small intestine Convert lipids (fats and oils) into glycerol and fatty acids
