Enzymes in respiration, other uses

Question 1

… involves many reactions catalysed by….

Answer 1

Respiration involves many reactions catalysed by enzymes.

Question 2

What does respiration release that we need..

Answer 2

ENERGY!

Question 3

Describe the process of respiration…

All … respire.

Answer 3

It is the process of releasing energy from the breakdown of glucose - it goes on in every cell in the body, and in plants.
All living things respire.

Question 4

How do living things release energy from glucose (food)?

Where does most of this happen?

Answer 4

Respiration.

Inside the mitochondria.

Question 5

What does aerobic respiration need?

Answer 5

Plenty of oxygen.

Question 6

What is the most efficient way of releasing energy from glucose?
When does this go on in plants and animals?

Answer 6

Aerobic respiration happens all the time.

Question 7

What is the word equation for respiration?

Answer 7

Glucose + oxygen - Carbon dioxide + water ENERGY

Question 8

Give 4 examples of what energy released in respiration is used for?

Answer 8

1. To build up large molecules from small ones, e.g proteins from amino acids
2. (In animals) Allow the muscles to contract - move
3. In mammals and birds the energy is used to keep the body temperature steady and warm
4. In plants - to build sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids, which are then built into amino acids 1.

Question 9

How does your body adapt when doing exercise?

Answer 9

It makes sure your muscles get more glucose and more oxygen, to provide your muscles with more energy.

Question 10

What increases the heart rate?

Answer 10

Exercise

Question 11

What are muscles made of?

Answer 11

Muscle cells!

Question 12

Muscles cells use what to release energy from glucose, aerobic respiration, to do what to the muscles?

Answer 12

oxygen

contract them

Question 13

Why does blood have to flow faster during exercise?
Muscle activity.
Supply
Removal

Answer 13

The increase in muscle activity requires more glucose and and oxygen to be supplied to the muscle cells.
Extra CO2 therefore needs removed so the blood flows faster to provide and remove.

Question 14

What does physical activity do?
Breathing
Blood flow

Answer 14

Increases your breathing rate and makes you breath more deeply to meet the extra demand for oxygen.
Increases the speed at which your heart pumps.

Question 15

What else is stored and used during exercise?

Answer 15

Glycogen is stored glucose.

Question 16

Where is glycogen mainly stored, and where else?

Answer 16

In the liver, but each muscle has its own store

Question 17

What is the glycogen used for during exercise?

Answer 17

When glucose is used rapidly some of the stored glycogen is converted back to glucose to provide more energy.

Question 18

What happens if there is not enough oxygen, to supply the muscles during vigorous exercise? (respiration types)

Answer 18

Anaerobic respiration takes place instead of aerobic.

Question 19

What does anaerobic mean?

What is anaerobic respiration and the equation?

Answer 19

Without oxygen.
The incomplete breakdown of glucose producing lactic acid.
Glucose - energy and lactic acid

Question 20

What are the two problems with lactic acid?

What other problem?

Answer 20

1. It builds up in the muscles which is painful
2. It also causes muscle fatigue where they get tired and stop contacting efficiently.
   It does not release as much energy as aerobic respiration.

Question 21

What is the main advantage to anaerobically respiring during exercise?

Answer 21

It’s useful in emergencies because you can keep using your muscles for a little longer.

Question 22

What does anaerobic respiration lead to after you stop exercising?

Answer 22

Oxygen debt

Question 23

What is oxygen debt?

Answer 23

When you have to repay the oxygen you didn’t get to your muscles in time, because your heart, lungs and blood couldn’t keep up with the demand.

Question 24

Why do you keep breathing hard when you have oxygen debt?

Answer 24

So that you get more oxygen into the blood to flow through the muscles to remove the lactic acid by oxidising it into harmless CO2 and water.

Question 25

How does the brain react to the high levels of CO2 and lactic acid during the repaying stage?

Answer 25

It keeps the pulse and breathing rate high to rectify the situation.

Question 26

Some .... produce ... which pass out of of their cells and catalyse reactions outside them. These ... are used in the home and ... .

Answer 26

Some microorganisms produce enzymes which pass out of of their cells and catalyse reactions outside them. These enzymes are used in the home and industry .

Question 27

Enzymes are used for two things, one in the home, one in industry...

Answer 27

Biological detergents | To change foods

Question 28

What are the enzymes used in biological washing powders and detergents?

Answer 28

Protein digesting enzymes - proteases and fat digesting enzymes - lipases.

Question 29

What are the biological detergents good for breaking down? | What else is good? (o)

Answer 29

Animal and plant matter, like stains of blood or food. | They work best at 30, a low temperature, which is better for the environment.

Question 30

What are food enzymes used for? Babies Carb Weight

Answer 30

Pre-digesting their food using proteases to break down the proteins, so it's easier for the babies to digest them. Carbohydrate digesting enzymes, carbohydrases, are used to turn starch syrup into sugar syrup. Glucose syrup can be turned into fructose syrup using isomerase enzymes. Fructose is sweeter so you can use less of it which is good for weight watcher products.

Question 31

Why are enzymes useful in industry? 2) Specific... Time Environment

Answer 31

They don't need high temperatures or pressures which is lower cost and saves energy. They only catalyse one reaction meaning they'll only catalyse what you want them to... They work for a long time so after buying them you can continually use them. Biodegradable therefore cause less environmental pollution.

Question 32

``` What are the disadvantages of enzymes in industry? Allergies Susceptible - this means... Money Reaction ```

Answer 32

Some people can develop allergies e.g to washing powders Can be denatured by even a small change in temp, pH, and susceptible to poisons - the conditions need to be tightly controlled. Expensive Contamination of the enzyme with another substance can affect the reaction.