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Biology 12 > Enzymes & Homeostasis > Flashcards

Enzymes & Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

_______ glands secrete hormones directly into the blood

A

Endocrine

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2
Q

These glands secrete hormones into ducts.

A

Exocrine Glands

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3
Q

The protein portion of an enzyme is called the

A

Apoenzyme

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4
Q

This model considers the substrate and active site to be a perfect fit for eachother

A

Lock and key

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5
Q

Enlargement of the throat that can occur due to hypo or hyperthyroidism

A

Goiter

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6
Q

Homeostasis is

A

Maintaining internal environment of the body at EQ

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7
Q

Insulin is an example of a _______ hormone

A

Peptide

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8
Q

Every enzyme has an optimal _____ level al which it will work in the body. Value will depend where in the body the enzyme is

A

pH

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9
Q

Factor affecting the rate of chemical reaction

A

Temperature

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10
Q

Organic but non protein co-enzymes are often derived from these substances

A

Vitamins

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11
Q

In order to cool your body, blood vessels near the surface of skin will

A

Dilate

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12
Q

An _________ occurs to correct the situation when a receptor detects that conditions of the body are out of normal range

A

Adaptive response

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13
Q

All enzymes end in the ____ suffix

A

Ase

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14
Q

Enzyme activity can be greatly reduced when temp is too____. This is irreversible

A

Hot

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15
Q

Components of the body which detect light

A

Photo receptors

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16
Q

Increasing this factor will increase the rate of Chemical reaction

A

SA

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17
Q

All the body’s sensory receptor are connected to what system

A

Nervous

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18
Q

The portion of an enzyme that binds with the substrate

A

Active site

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19
Q

Co factors can belong to this group of substances

A

Metals

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20
Q

Components do the body which will detect chemical changes

A

Chemoreceptors

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21
Q

A ______ will increase the rate of a CR by lowering Ea

A

Catalyst

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22
Q

What happens to a protein when it’s shape is altered by exposure to heat or certain chemicals

A

It will denature

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23
Q

_______ _______ like mercury and lead can cause denaturation

A

Heavy metals

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24
Q

______ are chemical messengers which help cells communicate with eachother

A

Hormones

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25
Q

A organic but non protein substance which plays a role in forming a functioning enzyme

A

Coenzyme

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26
Q

The combination of all chemical reactions that are occurring within an organism

A

Metabolism

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27
Q

Components of the body which detect blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors

28
Q

Negative feedback _____ occurs when the increase in the product of an enzyme catalysed reaction causes the rate of that reaction to slow ….. by inhibiting that associated enzyme

A

Inhibition

29
Q

The idea that the active sites modifies it’s shape as it forms around enzyme is called

A

Induced fit

30
Q

The receptors for regulating body temp are located in this part of brain

A

Hypothalamus

31
Q

The enzyme Maltase decomposes sugar ______

A

Maltose

32
Q

The _______ energy is the amount of energy required to get a chemical reaction started

A

Activation

33
Q

A solution with a higher ____ will provide a faster reaction rate than one with lower

A

Concentration

34
Q

_______ feedback systems are very rare in humans, but present in breastfeeding and childbirth

A

Positive

35
Q

Enzyme activity can be reduced when temp becomes too _____. Can be reversed

A

Cold

36
Q

Enzyme catalyses the decomp of hydrogen peroxide

A

Catalase

37
Q

Element required for production of thyroxin

A

Iodine

38
Q

When body temp drops lower than normal, Brian may direct your body to start to _____ due to muscle contractions

A

Shiver

39
Q

Blood pressure blood ph and blood glucose levels are all part of ______ feedback systems where the correction of the level leads to a slowing or ceasing

A

Negative

40
Q

Enzymes require an additional substance called a _____ to function properly. They are typically inorganic ions of metals

A

Cofactor

41
Q

These can detect temp changes in the body

A

Thermoreceptors

42
Q

The term “metabolic ________” refers to a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions which are all linked to each other

A

Pathway

43
Q

Metabolic rate is controlled by the hormone thyroxin which is produced in the _____ gland

A

Thyroid

44
Q

A word used to describe a substance which will combine active site during reaction of an enzyme

A

Substrate

45
Q

Lipid based hormones are composed of

A

Steroids

46
Q

A biological catalyst is otherwise known as an

A

Enzyme

47
Q

Many ______ are inhibitors that permanently bind to active sites and renders enzymes to bridle inactive

A

Poisons

48
Q

4 ways to speed up a CR

A

Increase temp, SA, concentration and catalyst

49
Q

Relationship between catalyst and enzyme

A

Catalysts for biochemical reactions that happen in living organism ls are called enzymes. Not all catalysts are enzymes though

50
Q

Where does the enzyme pepsin function?

A

In the stomach

51
Q

2 Enzymes that functions in the small intestines

A

Pancreatic lipase , trypsin

52
Q

Where does the enzyme sucrase function?

A

Stomach

53
Q

What do these break down ?
Nuclease-
Sucrase -
Lipase -
Pepsin -
Trypsin -

A

Nuclease - DNA(nucleic acids)
Sucrase - sugars (sucrose)
Lipase - Lipids
Pepsin - polypeptides
Trypsin - polypeptides (proteins)

54
Q

Which organelles in cells make enzymes/protein?

A

Ribosomes, located in the ER

55
Q

Denaturing of proteins are caused by these 3 main factors

A

Temperature being too hot
PH levels
Exposure to acids, strong chemicals and heavy metals

56
Q

What level of protein is an enzyme?

A

Tertiary

57
Q

From which gland and what hormones are released in childbirth?

A

Posterior pituitary nerve gland , oxytocin

58
Q

What does the hormone oxytocin do

A

It travels in the blood to the uterus and causes the uterus to contract , pushing fetus forward

59
Q

How does the negative feedback system work

A

Stimulus = receptor will alert regulatory center in the brain = brain will send adaptive response to counteract stimulus

60
Q

How does the thyroid gland provide a negative feedback system

A

Stimulus: thyroxin levels drop = RC:hypothalamus releases HRH , travels to anterior pituitary gland via duct. (Peptide hormone, endocrine) = Adaptive response: APG releases TSH into bloodstream, TSH binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of thyroid gland.

61
Q

How does metabolism work

A

All the chemical reactions occurring within ur body are called metabolism. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are usually part of a metabolic pathway. Metabolic pathway begins with a specific reactant and ends with an end product. A specific enzyme controls each step in the metabolic pathway.

62
Q

Each Enzyme control ______ reaction only. Therefore they are _______ for that reaction.

A

One, specific

63
Q

Will a reaction still occur if that enzyme in a metabolic pathway is missing?

A

No

64
Q

How does the [] of substrates affect reaction rate

A

Adding substrates to an enzyme-catalyzed reaction will increase the reaction rate until all active sites are saturated (taken up). This means products are being produced at a constant rate. In this case, to increase the rate of activity, add more enzymes.

65
Q

How does the [] of enzymes affect reaction rate.

A

Increase enzyme concentration will result in more products being made until all substrates are acted upon. In order to increase the rate in this case add substrate.

66
Q

Symptoms of hyper/hypothyroidism

A

Hypo: constant fatigue, weight gain, decreased body temp, loss of hair, slower pulse rate, thick puffy skin.
Goitre could be present

Hyper: goiter, eyes to protrude, tissue fluid could accumulate in eye and cause double vision. Nervousness, insomnia and weight loss

Biology 12 (8 decks)

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