EOC Review Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Which term best describes the type of cell division in which the parent cell produces daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes?
A
Mitosis
2
Q
What are the 6 phases of the cell cycle?
A
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytokinesis
3
Q
In which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes replicated (copied)?
A
Interphase
4
Q
In which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate?
A. Anaphase
B. Telophase
C. Metaphase
D. Prophase
A
A. Anaphase
5
Q
What is the function of DNA?
A
It holds the genetic information
6
Q
In which phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane dissolve and the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes?
A. Anaphase
B. Telophase
C. Metaphase
D. Prophase
A
D. Prophase
7
Q
Where does translation take place?
A
in the Ribosome
8
Q
This process occurs in the nucleus and uses the DNA as a template to produce a molecule of mRNA.
A
transcription
9
Q
Transcribe the following strand of DNA:
TAC GAG
A
AUG CUC
10
Q
Name at least one difference between RNA and DNA? (There’s 3)
A
DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded
DNA has the base Thymine and RNA has Uracil
The sugar in DNA is Deoxyribose and the sugar in RNA is Ribose
11
Q
What are the 3 parts to a nucleotide?
A
Phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogen base
12
Q
What are the base pairing rules for DNA?
A
DNA: Adenine bonds with Thymine and Cytosine bonds with Guanine
13
Q
What are gametes?
A
Sperm and eggs or sex cells
14
Q
The process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell resulting in haploid cells.
A
Meiosis
15
Q
Which of the following would be most affected by a mutation in the DNA?
A. The protein being synthesized (made)
B. a blood cell being made
C. the energy being produced
D. the lipid being produced
A
A. The protein being made
16
Q
What process does this formula represent:
6CO2 + 6 H2O <–> C6H12O6 + 6O2
A
Photosynthesis
17
Q
What are the 3 main organisms that use photosynthesis?
A
Plants, Protists, and some Bacteria
18
Q
What does the mitochondria use to make ATP?
A
Glucose
18
Q
What gas is absorbed by animals for the process of cellular respiration?
A
Oxygen
19
Q
In which kingdoms do all the organisms only reproduce asexually?
A
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
19
Q
Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration combined considered a cycle?
A
because the reactants in photosynthesis are the products in cellular respiration and the reactants in cellular respiration are the products in photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6 H2O <–> C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H1206 + 6O2 <–> 6CO2 + 6H2O
20
Q
Which kingdoms are composed of only multicellular organisms?
A
Plant and animal
21
Q
The diagram showing an organisms phylogeny (it’s evolutionary relationships).
A. Dichotomous key
B. Cladogram
C. Histogram
A
B. Cladogram
22
Q
In which 2 kingdoms are all the organisms heterotrophs?
A
Fungi and animal
23
Which two kingdoms are composed of eukaryotes with cell walls?
Plant and fungi
24
What are carbohydrates?
Major source of energy and include sugars and starches
## Footnote
Carbohydrates are essential macromolecules for living organisms.
25
What elements make up carbohydrates?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
## Footnote
This specific ratio is characteristic of all carbohydrates.
26
What is one function of carbohydrates in plants and animals?
Maintaining structure within the cells
## Footnote
Carbohydrates contribute to the structural integrity of cells, such as in the form of cellulose in plants.
27
What is the basic unit of life?
Cell
## Footnote
All living organisms are composed of cells, which are the structural and functional units of life.
28
What process do cells use to convert glucose into energy?
Cellular respiration
## Footnote
Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that converts glucose into ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
29
Fill in the blank: The process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy is called _______.
Photosynthesis
## Footnote
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, utilizing sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
30
Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
Mitochondria
## Footnote
Mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.
31
True or False: All prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.
False
## Footnote
Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
32
What are the four main types of macromolecules essential for life?
* Carbohydrates
* Proteins
* Lipids
* Nucleic acids
## Footnote
These macromolecules play critical roles in biological processes.
33
What is the function of ribosomes in the cell?
Protein synthesis
## Footnote
Ribosomes translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains, forming proteins.
34
Fill in the blank: The genetic material in all living organisms is made up of _______.
DNA
## Footnote
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) carries the genetic instructions used in growth, development, and reproduction.
35
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment
## Footnote
Homeostasis is vital for the survival of organisms, allowing them to function optimally despite external changes.
36
True or False: Enzymes are consumed in the reactions they catalyze.
False
## Footnote
Enzymes are not consumed and can be used repeatedly in biochemical reactions.
37
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
Absorbs light energy
## Footnote
Chlorophyll is the pigment that captures sunlight, facilitating the conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
38
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell
## Footnote
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, controlling the internal environment of the cell.
39
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
* Interphase
* Mitosis
* Cytokinesis
## Footnote
The cell cycle encompasses all the phases a cell goes through in its life, including growth and division.
40
Fill in the blank: The sequence of nucleotides in DNA is responsible for _______.
Genetic coding
## Footnote
The specific order of nucleotides encodes the instructions for building proteins.
41
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Synthesizes proteins and lipids
## Footnote
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in the production and processing of biomolecules.
42
True or False: All cells contain a cell wall.
False
## Footnote
Only plant cells, fungi, and some prokaryotes have a cell wall; animal cells do not.
43
What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence
## Footnote
Mutations can lead to changes in protein function and can be caused by environmental factors or errors during DNA replication.
44
What is the primary role of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?
Synthesizes new DNA strands
## Footnote
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand, ensuring accurate replication.
45
Fill in the blank: The basic structural and functional unit of all living things is a _______.
Cell
## Footnote
All living organisms are composed of cells, which are the building blocks of life.
46
What is the basic unit of life?
Cell
47
True or False: All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
True
48
Fill in the blank: The process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy is called __________.
Photosynthesis
49
What organelle is responsible for energy production in a cell?
Mitochondria
50
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a macromolecule? A) Proteins B) Carbohydrates C) Water D) Nucleic Acids
C) Water
51
What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis
52
True or False: DNA is made up of amino acids.
False
53
Fill in the blank: The genetic material in cells is called __________.
DNA
54
What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
Hydrogen bonds
55
Multiple Choice: Which of the following processes does NOT occur in the nucleus? A) DNA replication B) RNA transcription C) Protein synthesis D) None of the above
C) Protein synthesis
56
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
1) All living things are made of cells, 2) Cells are the basic unit of life, 3) All cells come from pre-existing cells.
57
True or False: Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.
False
58
Fill in the blank: __________ is the process by which cells divide to form two identical daughter cells.
Mitosis
59
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
60
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of living things? A) Growth B) Response to stimuli C) Reproduction D) All of the above
D) All of the above
61
What is the role of enzymes in biological reactions?
To speed up the reactions by lowering the activation energy.
62
True or False: All enzymes are proteins.
True
63
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the part of the cell that contains the genetic material.
Nucleus
64
What is the purpose of the scientific method?
To systematically investigate phenomena, acquire new knowledge, or correct and integrate previous knowledge.
65
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a type of RNA? A) mRNA B) tRNA C) rRNA D) All of the above
D) All of the above
66
What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double-stranded and contains thymine, while RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil.
67
True or False: Genetic variation is essential for evolution.
True
68
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the structure that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
Cell membrane
69
What are the four main types of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
70
Multiple Choice: Which macromolecule serves as the primary source of energy for living organisms? A) Proteins B) Carbohydrates C) Nucleic acids D) Lipids
B) Carbohydrates
71
What is the process of converting mRNA into protein called?
Translation
72
True or False: All cells in an organism have the same DNA.
True
73
Lipids
a group of organic compounds that include fats, oils, and waxes.
They are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen and are important for storing energy, making up cell membranes, and serving as signaling molecules in the body.
74
What process moves water across the cell membrane?
Osmosis
75
What is diffusion?
The movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
76
What is active transport?
Movement of molecules across a membrane using energy, from low to high concentration.
77
What does “selectively permeable” mean?
Only certain substances can pass through the membrane.
78
What is genetics?
The study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
79
What is a gene?
A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait.
80
What is an allele?
Different forms of a gene (example: blue eyes or brown eyes).
81
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is the genetic makeup; phenotype is the physical appearance.
82
What is evolution?
The change in a species over time.
83
What is natural selection?
The process where organisms with the best traits survive and reproduce.
84
What is adaptation?
A trait that helps an organism survive in its environment.
85
What is variation in a population?
Differences in traits among individuals of the same species.
86
What causes genetic variation?
Mutations and sexual reproduction.
87
What is survival of the fittest?
Organisms best suited to their environment survive and pass on their genes.
88
What is speciation?
The formation of a new species.
89
What is a fossil?
Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms.
90
What are homologous structures?
Body parts that are similar in structure but may have different functions—evidence of common ancestry.
91
What is embryology?
The study of embryos; similar embryos suggest common ancestry.
92
What are vestigial structures?
Body parts that have no current function but were useful to ancestors.
93
What is natural selection?
A process where organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce.
94
Who developed the theory of natural selection?
Charles Darwin 
95
What are the four main principles of natural selection?
Variation, Overproduction, Adaptation, and Descent with Modification
96
What is variation?
differences and traits among individuals in a population 
97
What is overproduction?
when more offspring are produced, than can survive 
98
What is adaptation?
A trait that improves an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction.
99
What causes variation in a population?
mutations and genetic recombinations 
100
What is artificial selection?
When humans choose which traits to breed, like in dog breeding.
101
How does natural selection lead to evolution?
Favorable traits become more common in a population over time.
102
What is classification in biology?
The process of organizing living things into groups based on their characteristics.
103
Who developed the system of classification we use today?
Carl Linnaeus
104
What is taxonomy?
The science of naming and classifying organisms.
105
What is binomial nomenclature?
A two-name system for naming organisms using genus and species (e.g., Homo sapiens).
106
What are the 8 levels of classification (Dumb Kids Playing with Cars On Freeway Get Squashed)
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
107
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
108
What are the six kingdoms of life?
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
109
Which kingdoms are prokaryotic?(2)
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
110
Which kingdoms are eukaryotic
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
111
What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells?
No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; simple and small.
112
What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells?
Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; more complex.
113
What is a dichotomous key used for?
Identifying organisms based on a series of choices between traits.
114
What does “species” mean in classification?
A group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
115
What is a virus?
A non-living particle that infects cells and needs a host to reproduce.
116
Are viruses living? Why or why not?
No, because they can’t carry out life processes on their own
117
What is a virus made of?
A protein coat (capsid) and genetic material (DNA or RNA).
117
Can viruses reproduce on their own?
No, they must infect a host cell to reproduce.
118
What is the lytic cycle in viruses?
The virus immediately takes over the cell and causes it to burst.
119
What is the lysogenic cycle in viruses?
The virus hides in the host cell’s DNA and can stay inactive for a while.
120
What are bacteria?
Single-celled prokaryotic organisms.
121
How do bacteria reproduce?
A: Asexually through binary fission (splitting into two).
122
What is one helpful role of bacteria?
They help digest food, decompose waste
123
What are protists?
Mostly single-celled eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi.
124
What is an example of a disease caused by a protist?
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium, a protist spread by mosquitoes.
125
hypotonic solution
when the solution has less solute than the cell. Since water follows solute, the water in the solution will go into the cell causing it to burst
126
hypertonic solution
when the solution has more solute than the cell. Since water follows solute, the water from the cell will leave the cell to go outside, causing the cell to shrivel
127
bulk transport
when a cell eats or leaves molecules
128
Endocytosis
when the cell “eats” molecules
129
phagocytosis
when the cell EATS molecules like food
130
pinocytosis
when the cell DRINKs molecules like water
131
exocytosis:
(Sort of how mia throws up a lot. she is causing the throw up molecules to exit her body. Exocytosis causes molecules to exit the cell.)
132
Glycolysis Location
Cytoplasm (cell fluid)
133
glycolysis
glucose ultimately breaks down into pyruvate and energy
134
Krebs Cycle
series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down glucose to produce energy. generates ATP
135
Electron transport chain
series of proteins in the mitochondria that move electrons from food molecules. This process helps create ATP
136
137
138
139
140
