Epi: Introduction Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
The study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control of health problems
A
Epidemiology
2
Q
The application of epidemiological knowledge, reasoning and methods to study clinical issues and improve clinical care
A
Clinical epidemiology
3
Q
If we find a problem, what 3 questions should we ask?
A
What does it really mean?
What can we do about it?
Can we stop it?
4
Q
Do diseases occur at random?
A
No
5
Q
Epidemiology Objective: identify the _______ of a disease and its relevant _______________
A
Cause, risk factors
6
Q
Epidemiology Objective: Find the ________ of a disease and its burden
A
Extent
7
Q
Epidemiology Objective: Explore where a disease comes from and how it will __________
A
Progress
8
Q
Epidemiology Objective: How can we treat and __________ it
A
Prevent
9
Q
Epidemiology Objective: Help develop ___________ __________ relating to disease prevention and health promotion
A
Public policy
10
Q
Who suggested that transferable spores could cause diseases such as syphilis
A
Girolamo Fracastoro
11
Q
The “seeds of disease” theory is considered the predecessor to what currently accepted theory?
A
The germ theory
12
Q
Germ theory states that what is the cause of disease?
A
Microorganisms
13
Q
Miasma Theory
A
Theory that Bad air caused diseases
14
Q
Who developed early human statistical and census methods?
A
John Graunt
15
Q
What is the statistical study of population based on size, density, age and vital statistics?
A
Demography
16
Q
What does a mortality table show?
A
The probability that a person of that age will die before their next birthday
17
Q
Who developed the first type of mortality table?
A
John Graunt
18
Q
Who conducted the first controlled clinical trial?
A
James Lind
19
Q
Who used observational data as a basis for intervention in Smallpox?
A
Edward Jenner
20
Q
Who created the first modern census?
A
William Farr
21
Q
Who played an important role in classifying diseases which led to ICD codes?
A
William Farr
22
Q
Who used observational data to notice that a cholera outbreak was being caused by contaminated water?
A
John Snow
23
Q
How is smoking an example of epidemiology in action?
A
After public health and epidemiological reports notified the public of the dangers of cigarette smoking, there was a significant decrease in smoking, which led to a decrease in deaths due to heart disease, lung cancer, and stroke.
24
Q
How did Ignáz Semmelweis show epidemiology in action with regards to childbed fever?
A
Noticed that childbed fever showed higher rates when doctors and student doctors were caring for the patients rather than midwives
25
What policy was implemented due to findings of Ignás Semmelweis?
Hand/nail washing policy
26
What is the most likely reason that there has been a significant decline in US mortality rates from several common infectious diseases over the past 100+ years?
Improvements in social conditions (safer water, reduced pollution)
27
Epidemiologic evidence is used to identify those at ________ risk for disease
High risk
28
3 Non-modifiable factors that can't be targeted
Age, Sex, Race
29
5 Potentially modifiable factors that can be targeted
Obesity, smoking, diet, sexual practices, lifestyle
30
Primary prevention is doing what?
Preventing the initial development of a disease
31
Early detection of existing disease to reduce severity and complications.
Secondary prevention
32
Reducing the impact of the disease is what type of prevention?
Tertiary prevention
33
Immunization and reducing exposure to a risk factor are examples of what type of prevention?
primary prevention
34
Screening for cancer is an example of what type of prevention?
secondary prevention
35
Rehab for a stroke as well as prompt and appropriate treatment are examples of what type of prevention?
Tertiary prevention
36
When using secondary prevention, does the afflicted show clinical signs/symptoms?
No
37
When using tertiary prevention, does the afflicted show clinical signs/symptoms?
Yes
38
What type of prevention is using medication to lower Blood Pressure
Tertiary prevention
39
What type of prevention is avoiding smoking to prevent lung cancer
Primary prevention
40
What type of prevention is performing IOP measurement in an asymptomatic eye
Secondary prevention
41
What type of prevention is brushing teeth to avoid cavities
Primary prevention
42
What type of prevention are mammograms to detect Breast Cancer
Secondary prevention
43
What type of prevention are vocational rehabilitation centers
Tertiary prevention
44
What type of preventive approach applies the measure to everyone?
Population-based approach
45
Everyone being advised not to smoke is an example of what preventive approach?
Population-based approach
46
What type of preventive approach only targets those at high risk?
High-Risk approach
47
A person with optic nerve swelling getting an MRI is an example of what type of preventative approach?
High-risk approach
48
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of ____________
Disease
49
An abnormal condition of an organism that impaired bodily functions associated with specific symptoms and signs
Disease
50
Is it always true that the presence of disease means the absence of health?
Not always true
51
What is the measurement that represents an overall feeling of well-being
Quality of Life
52
Measure of physical and mental health, or person's physical and mental self perceptions of their health
Health-related quality of life
53
What measurement would be used to measure the effects of chronic illness, such as cancer and how it affects a person's day-to-day life?
Health-related Quality of Life
54
The United States population is a __________ population
Aging
55
By 2050, there will be a significant __________ in number of older individuals compared to younger
Increase
56
Average number of years an individual of a given age is expected to live if current mortality rates continue to apply
Life expectancy
57
What is an indicator of overall health status of a population?
Health of infants and newborns
58
An estimate of life expectancy adjusted for activity-limitation
Life expectancy free from disability
59
The average number of years an individual is expected to live with a disability
Life expectancy with disability
60
Summarizing technique used to describe the pattern of mortality and survival
Life table
61
Outcome experience of a group of individuals classified according to their exposure or treatment history
Clinical life table
62
What life table contains data for every single year of age?
Complete life table
63
From 2021 to 2022, life expectancy increased by 1.1 years mainly due in part to what?
Decline in covid-19 mortality
64
life expectancy at birth for both sexes
77.5 years
65
Males life expectancy in the United States
74.8 years
66
Females Life Expectancy in the United States
80.2 years
67
What type of research results in general knowledge and an understanding of nature and its laws?
Basic research
68
What type of research results in answers for practical purposes?
Applied research
69
Pre-clinical research connects ___________ with ____________
Basic science with human medicine
70
Clinical research involves patient-oriented research with who?
Human subjects
71
What research involves epidemiologic and behavioral studies?
Clinical research
72
What type of research moves basic science discoveries quickly and efficiently to clinical practice?
Translational research
73
What does the T-spectrum illustrate?
The different stages of translational research
74
Basic science research: T-Spectrum Level?
T0
75
Translation to Humans: T-Spectrum Level?
T1
76
Translation to Patients: T-Spectrum Level?
T2
77
Translation to Practice: T-Spectrum Level?
T3
78
Translation to Community: T-Spectrum Level?
T4
79
Imhotep is credited as the ?
Father of medicine
80
Who Diagnosed and treated >200 diseases
Imhotep
81
Who was the first to clinically distinguish between smallpox and measles?
Abu Bakr al-Razi
82
Abu Bakr al-razi is known as the father of ____________, and a pioneer of _________ and _________
Father of pediatrics, pioneer of obstetrics and ophthalmology
83
Hippocrates established the science of _____________
Medicine
84
What is a polymath?
a person of wide-ranging knowledge or learning
85
Was Leonardo da Vinici a polymath?
Yes
86
What subject we have learned was Leonardo da Vinci extremely versed in?
Anatomy
87
Who theorized that the size and speed of planet's orbit depended on its distance from the sun?
Nicolaus Copernicus
88
Whose beliefs contradicted the belief that the Earth was the center of the universe?
Nicolaus Copernicus
89
Who improved the design of early telescopes?
Galileo Galilei
90
Galileo Galilei's findings built the foundation for modern _____________
Astronomy
91
Robert Hooke coined the term ________
Cell
92
Robert Hooke developed laws about what?
Spring compression/extension
93
Issac Newton lectured on _______ and studied _________, which are relevant to Optometry
Optics and studied refraction of light
94
Was Benjamin Franklin a Polymath?
Yes
95
Who created the first Bifocals?
Benjamin Franklin
96
Who established the theory of evolution and idea of natural selection?
Charles Darwin
97
Whose notes and instructions on "analytical engine" was considered a breakthrough for modern computers?
Ada Lovelace
98
What scientists findings on hereditary trait transmission became the foundation for modern genetic studies
Gregor Mendel
99
What scientists observations of microorganisms helped suggest hygienic methods that are used today?
Louis Pasteur
100
Did Louis Pasteur develop vaccines for common diseases? If so, which ones?
Yes, cholera, smallpox and rabies
101
Who developed the psychoanalytic theory that past traumatic experiences causes neuroses?
Sigmund Freud
102
Sigmund Freud: three foundations of human personality
Id, ego, superego
103
Nikola Tesla designed what system that is used throughout the world?
Alternative current electric system
104
What 4 types of technology did Nikola Tesla also help contribute to?
Radio transmission, wireless, remote, radar
105
George Washington Carver was a botanist and a ____________
Agriculture scientist
106
George Washington Carver developed over 300 uses for ___________ plant
Peanut
107
Who was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the first person to win two Nobel Prizes?
Marie Curie
108
Marie Curie discovered radioactivity and what two elements?
Polonium and radium
109
Who championed the use of portable x-ray in WW1?
Marie Curie
110
Who was responsible for the theory of relativity that suggests space and time are intertwined?
Albert Einstein
111
Who proposed the model of the atom in which electrons jump between energy levels?
Niels Bohr
112
Niels Bohr was a key contributor to the __________ project
Manhattan
113
Rachel Carson was commended for her research on what, that helped begin true modern environmental movement?
DDT and other pesticides
114
Who is considered the father of computer science and artificial intelligence?
Alan Turing
115
Turing Test measures a machines ability to do what?
Exhibit behaviors comparable to human beings
116
Who has 45 patents in medicine and developed a drug to combat leukemia as well as antiviral drug acyclovir?
Gertrude B. Elion
117
What famous scientist helped perform calculations to determine correct flight paths for NASAs early milestones?
Katherine Johnson
118
Rosalind Franklin used X-ray diffraction to find what?
Two forms of human DNA
119
Who originally discovered the double helix structure of DNA?
Rosalind Franklin
120
Who studies of chimpanzees contributes to understanding similarities between humans and evolutionary relatives?
Jane Goodall
121
Who proposed that the Big Bang must have started from and infinitely small point?
Stephen Hawking
122
What is radiation emitted by black holes known as?
Hawking radiation
123
What famous scientist used TV to make complex theories and phenomena understandable to mass audience?
Neil deGrasse Tyson
124
Neil deGrasse Tyson was one of the first to identify what?
Pluto as a dwarf planet
125
In 2006, the increased risk for Fusarium keratitis was associated with the use of what contact solution?
Bausch and Lomb's ReNu with MoistureLoc
126
Look at lecture regarding 2006 Fusarium Keratitis report and 2023 Pseudomonas in artificial tears.
