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Research 2 > Epidemiologic Risk Measures (wk 5) > Flashcards

Epidemiologic Risk Measures (wk 5) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease, injury or dysfunction in human populations used as a research approach?

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

Examples of what epidemiologists do:

A
  1. identifying the source of the outbreak
  2. monitoring and tracking the disease
  3. studying the disease
  4. developing guidance for actions to slow the spread and lessen its impact
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3
Q

When are descriptive epidemiologic studies done?

A

when little is known about the occurrence or determinant of health conditions

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4
Q

Descriptive epidemiologic studies may be presented as what 3 types of studies?

A

case reports, correlational studies, or survey studies

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5
Q

Descriptive epidemiologic studies are purposed to answer:

A
  1. Who experiences this disorder?
  2. Where is the frequency of disorder highest or lowest?
  3. When does the disorder occur most or least frequently? (Disease frequency)
    - Prevalence
    - Incidence
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6
Q

What is a proportion reflecting the number of existing cases of a disorder relative to the total population at a given point or period in time?
(# of existing cases of a disease at a given point in time)/total population at risk

A

Prevalence

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7
Q

Interpret:
P = 21.8% obesity survey
This is called the point prevalence, what does that mean?

A

there is a 22% probability that any randomly selected individual from this population would be obese

point prevalence - it reflects the cross-sectional status of the population (certain fixed time point)

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8
Q

Interpret:
p = 40.6% 1 – year period random sample
This is called the period prevalence, what does that mean?

A

Interpretation – there is a 41% probability that any randomly selected individual from this population would have upper limb musculoskeletal complaints

This value is referred to as period prevalence because it combines the existing cases with new cases during the period of one year

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9
Q

What is a proportion reflecting the number of new cases of a disorder relative to the total population at a given period in time?
(# of new cases during given time period)/(total person - time)

A

Incidence rate (IR)

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10
Q

WHat does person-time mean?

A

the time periods of observation for all individuals in the population at risk during the study time frame

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11
Q

IR is often considered a more efficient measure as it allows for inclusion of all subjects while CI (cumulative incidence) only accounts for what?

A

for those subjects who were available for the entire study period

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12
Q

Interpret:
IR = 3606 new cases/1794565 person-years = .002

CI = 3606 new cases/121700 female nurses = .029

A

2 cases per 1,000 person years

3 cases per 100 people at risk

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13
Q

Birth rate and mortality rate are examples of what type of measure?

A

Incidence

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14
Q

Exploratory epidemiologic studies are performed to assess the relationship between what two things?

A

Exposure and disease status

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15
Q

When an association is found to exist between the exposure and disease status, that specific exposure represents a _____ for the disease

A

a risk factor

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16
Q

Exploratory epidemiologic studies may be presented as

A

Case control studies

Cohort studies

17
Q

The likelihood that someone who has been exposed to a risk factor will develop the disease, as compared with one who has not been exposed -
(incidence of disease among exposed)/(incidence of disease among unexposed subjects)

A

relative risk (RR)

18
Q

Measures of RR are appropriate for use with what type of study?

A

cohort

19
Q

Using a 2x2 contingency table, how would you calculate RR (equation)?

A

(a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d))
a: those who have the disease and were exposed
b: those who do not have the disease and were exposed
c: those who have the disease and were not exposed
d: those who do not have the disease and were not exposed
a+b: those who were exposed
c+d: those who were not exposed
a+c: those who have the disease
b+d: those who don’t have the disease

20
Q

If the RR = 1, what does that mean for the IR of the outcome for the exposed and unexposed?

A

Exposure presents no excess risk for outcome

21
Q

What is the equation for cumulative incidence?

A

a/(a+b)

22
Q

Interpret:
RR >1
RR = 1
RR<1

A
  1. RR > 1.0 indicates an increased risk
  2. RR = 1.0 indicates no excess risk
  3. RR < 1.0 indicates a decreased risk of developing the disorder
23
Q

An estimate of RR when RR is not appropriate to compute -

A

Odds Ratio (OR)

24
Q

WHat measure is more appropriate for case-control studies? Why?

A

Odds Ratio (OR) - A case-control study differs from a cohort study in that subjects are purposefully chosen based on the presence or absence of disease (cases or controls), and therefore we cannot determine the rate of incidence of the disease

25
Q

Equation for OR using a 2x2 table =

A

ad/bc

26
Q

Interpretation of OR value:
OR>1
OR=1
OR

A
  1. OR > 1.0 indicates an increased risk
  2. OR = 1.0 indicates no excess risk
  3. OR < 1.0 indicates a decreased risk of developing the disorder
27
Q

What type of research is finding relationships between variables (not cause and effect)?

A

Exploratory research

28
Q

What type of research study is this?

- To study the relationship between long-term medical conditions and depression

A

Exploratory research

29
Q

T/F Exploratory research explores the relationship between data and can make predictions

A

False, can not make predictions

30
Q

Prospective research is?

A
  1. variables are measured through direct recording in the present
  2. the researcher follows subjects as they progress
31
Q

Retrospective research is?

A
  1. data have been collected in the past

2. data often obtained from medical records, databases, or surveys

32
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A
  • data are collected in a time sequence with repeated measurements at prescribed intervals
  • describe pattern of change
33
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A
  • the researcher studies a stratified group of subjects at one point in time
  • the researcher may compare the characteristics of those strata to draw conclusions
34
Q

What is a cohort study?

A
  • selects a group of subjects who do not yet have the outcome of interest and follows them to see if they develop the disorder
35
Q

In a cohort study what are you comparing?

A
  • comparing the incidence of specific outcomes in those who were and were not exposed
36
Q

What is a case-control study?

A

cases - with disorder
controls - without disorder
- the researcher looks backward in time to determine if the groups differ with respect to their exposure histories

Research 2 (13 decks)

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