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Research 2 > Surveys/Quest and Systematic review/meta-analysis (2) > Flashcards

Surveys/Quest and Systematic review/meta-analysis (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is one of the most popular methods for collecting descriptive or subjective data and composed of a series of questions that are posed to a group of subjects?

A

surveys

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2
Q

Survey data can be used in what type of studies?

A

ALL THREE

experimental, exploratory or descriptive studies

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3
Q

Surveys can be conducted as what two things?

A
  1. Oral interview

2. Written/electronic questionnaire

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4
Q

What is a questionaire?

A

Structured surveys
self-administered
using pen / paper or electronic formats

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5
Q

Advantages of using a questionnaire: (4)

A
  1. More efficient - respondents complete on their own time
  2. Data gathered from large sample in a wide geo distribution in a short time
  3. standardized written forms are used - it reduces potential bias from interactions with an interviewer
  4. useful as a research method for assessing attitudes and values
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6
Q

Disadvantages of using questionnaire: (3)

A
  1. not as useful for studying behavior that require objective observation
  2. potential for misinterpreting questions or response choices
  3. accuracy or motivation of the respondent unknown
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7
Q

Common methods of distributing questionnaires: (3)

A
  1. Through the mail
  2. In-person distribution
  3. Electronic distribution (most common, economical)
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8
Q

Major concerns in regard to surveys and questionnaires: (2)

A
  1. Return rate low - 30-60% for most studies and lowered further by incomplete, incorrect, or missing data (survey samples large to obtain sufficient usable responses)
  2. Self-report - always potential for bias or inaccuracy in self-reports
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9
Q

recall bias -

A

when respondents are asked to remember past events

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10
Q

Self-report is generally valid for variables such as: (4)

A
  1. injury
  2. mobility function
  3. hypertension
  4. smoking habits
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11
Q

Self-report is only direct way to obtain info for: (4)

A
  1. perceptions
  2. fears
  3. motivations
  4. attitudes
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12
Q

Design of surveys (7 steps):

A
  1. Identify questions
  2. formulate hypothesis
  3. develop questionnaire outline
  4. Review existing instruments
  5. Design instrument
  6. Preliminary drafts
  7. Pilot testing and revision
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13
Q

When pilot testing/revising survey, who test it on and serves to do what?

A
  1. small rep sample of 5-10 subjects from target population

2. serve to check the validity (face validity and content validity)

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14
Q

How do respondents answer open-ended survey questions?

A

respondents to answer in their own words

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15
Q

What is open-ended survey questions useful to find?

A

useful for feelings and opinions without biases/limits imposed by the researcher

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16
Q

open-ended survey questions are often used in what part of the study?

A

pilot study to determine a range of responses, then converted to a multiple choice item

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17
Q

T/F open-ended survey questions are difficult to code and analyze

A

True, difficult to code and analyze because so many different responses can be obtained

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18
Q

Closed-ended survey questions -

A

provide multiple response choices

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19
Q

T/F Closed-ended survey questions are easily coded

A

True, great uniformity across responses

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20
Q

Closed-ended survey questions should be exhaustive, what does that mean?

A

they should include all possible responses that can be expected

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21
Q

Closed-ended survey questions should be mutually exclusive, what does that mean?

A

each choice should clearly represent a unique answer (not 2/4/6 but rather 1-2/3-4/5-6)

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22
Q

What is a scale?

A

ordered system for a series of questions that provide an overall rating

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23
Q

What were scales devloped to measure

A
  1. attitudes
  2. function
  3. health and quality of life
  4. pain
  5. exertion
  6. other physical, physiological and psychological variables
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24
Q

Categorical scales -

A

used with categorical variables such as gender; race; diagnosis

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25
Q

Continuous scales -

A

used with continuous variables such as age; blood pressure; years of experience

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26
Q

Ordinal scales -

A

used with ordinal variables such as:

  1. pain measured by minimal; moderate; severe
  2. function by independent; minimal assist; moderate assist; maximal assist; dependent
27
Q

What are the steps to analyzing survey data?

A
  1. Enter collected responses into a computer program
  2. Code responses appropriately
  3. Analyze the data using appropriate statistical methods (descriptive stats to describe data and inferential stats to make decision about population group)
28
Q

What type of stats for continuous variables?

A

mean and standard deviation

29
Q

What type of stats for categorical variables?

A

frequency and percent

30
Q

What is a research design that uses explicit methods to identify, select, appraise and synthesize results from similar but separate studies?

A

systematic review

31
Q

T/F systematic review does not focus on a specific question

A

FALSE it does!

32
Q

What is considered to be be the strongest level of evidence (gold standard)?

A

Systematic Review of RCTs

33
Q

T/F not all review articles are systematic reviews

A

True

34
Q

What would be a good source of information on the background of a specific topic?

A

Traditional narrative review

35
Q

What is missing from a Traditional narrative review?

A

it doesn’t include a detailed description of the methods/criteria used to select and evaluate articles that are includes

36
Q

What are Four steps that differentiate a systematic review from a narrative review?

A
  1. identify ALL evidence on the topic
  2. select them
  3. appraise the quality of these evidence
  4. summarize them
37
Q

What is a statistical method of combining a large collection of results from individual studies called?

A

Meta-analysis

38
Q

Meta-analysis develops what?

A

uses quantitative methods to develop a single overall estimate of the intervention effect

39
Q

Why is a meta-analysis useful?

A

useful to provide important results when several smaller studies are not sufficient to demonstrate meaningful outcomes

40
Q

T/F All systematic reviews use meta-analysis (explain)

A

False, some do
- it can be very powerful tool for synthesizing information across multiple studies
- it can also be misleading if the studies are not appropriately combined
some don’t
- systematic review may have to be sufficient to qualitatively synthesize the information when measurements are inconsistent or comparisons do not make sense

41
Q

What are the subjects of a systematic review?

A

The studies themselves

42
Q

What types of requirements do selection criteria specify?

A

Inclusion and exclusion requirements for studies to be used for the review

43
Q

What are selection criteria based on?

A

Based on the types of:

  1. studies
  2. participants
  3. interventions
  4. outcomes
44
Q

What type of studies are considered gold standard and that authors restrict systematic reviews of interventions to?

A

RCTs

45
Q

Put in order from highest level of evidence (1) to lowest:

Case-control/RCT/Case/Cohort studies

A
  1. RCTs
  2. Cohort studies
  3. Case-control studies
  4. Case series
46
Q

T/F Systematic reviews have to set reasonable ranges for subject characteristics

A

True, because study populations can be so variable

47
Q

Selection criteria based on types of interventions must do what?

A

indicate definitions of interventions and comparison treatment (if relevant) because studies are rarely consistent in the application of interventions

48
Q

Selection criteria based on types of outcome measures must do what?

A

must indicate the choice of outcome measures because included studies will often have a variety of outcomes

49
Q

Mean difference as type of outcome measure -

A

effect measures for randomized controlled trials

50
Q

Odds ratio (OR) / Relative Risk (RR) as type of outcome measure -

A

measures of association for observational studies

51
Q

Standardized Effect Size (SES) as type of outcome measure -

A

– it evaluates how big or small an effect is when the units of measurement aren’t intuitive
– it compares the results across studies

52
Q

What is the goal when searching for studies?

A

The goal is to find a comprehensive list of relevant documents that should be considered (must indicate in report which databases were used and specific search terms entered)

53
Q

Issues of publication bias with available literature: (@)

A

Issues are:

  1. researchers may fail to submit the results of studies where the results are not statistically significant
  2. editors may decline to publish such studies
    - > bias against negative or inconclusive results
54
Q

Why must Evidence of no effect must be part of the picture?

A

because the value of systematic review is to broaden the evidence for or against a proposed outcome

55
Q

What are 4 possible bias in conducting a systematic review?

A
  1. Selection bias
  2. Performance bias
  3. Attrition bias
  4. Detection bias
56
Q

Include studies that adhere to the _____ for clinical trials or the ______ for observational studies

A

consort statement for clinical trials

strobe statement for observational trials

57
Q

What rating scales can be used to assess the quality of a study? How many reviewers?

A

JADAD scale / PEDro scale / QUADAS scale

-> at least 2 primary reviewers will independently assess and rate

58
Q

T/F When synthesizing the data, you must determine the degree of heterogeneity or homogeneity in the included studies

A

True, [Heterogeneity – dissimilarity in specific aspects of the studies]

59
Q

What is inclused in the discussion and conclusions section?

A
  1. overall conclusions based on the quality of evidence that was obtained
  2. Integrate the findings to clarify the state of knowledge in a clinical context
60
Q

Meta-analysis results are presented in what type of plot? Helps to do what?

A

Forest plot - Helps combine the results quantitatively and obtain a single summary result

61
Q

Forest plot can answer questions of:

A
  1. what is the direction of effect
  2. what is the size of effect
  3. whether the effects are consistent across studies
62
Q

T/F Forest plot is only as good as the studies in it

A

True

63
Q

Where can you find find independent, high quality evidence of systematic review

A

Cochrane Library

  • with topics including movement disorders, wounds, stroke, neuromuscular disease, back problems, developmental and learning problems, bone and joint trauma, and HIV/AIDS
  • with rigorous standards developed to ensure these reviews provide accurate and thorough appraisals of the literature

Research 2 (13 decks)

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