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BIOSTAT > Epidemiologic Surveillance & Epidemic Outbreak Invsetigation > Flashcards

Epidemiologic Surveillance & Epidemic Outbreak Invsetigation Flashcards

1
Q

• Aka disease outbreaks

A

EPIDEMICS

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2
Q

Occurrence of disease at an unusual or unexpected, elevated frequency

A

EPIDEMICS

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3
Q

We cannot really determine if a disease occurrence is unusual or unexpected unless you do a

A

disease surveillance

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4
Q

A reliable ___________ is a helpful tool for us to define the usual rates of disease in an area

A

surveillance system

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5
Q

• process of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting data on the incidence of death, diseases, and injuries and the prevalence of certain conditions

A

SURVEILLANCE

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6
Q

__________ in the context of health, involves any health states/status including normal or abnormal conditions, not just a disease (i.e., pregnancy; surveillance for the no. of pregnant women, increase in the no. of teenage pregnancy; injuries: vehicular accidents, work-related accidents; death: mortality rate, death rate due to a particular disease, etc.)

A

Surveillance

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7
Q

To monitor the health status of the population

A

Surveillance

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8
Q

– health of the population as a whole

A

Public health

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9
Q

is considered as the foundation of disease control efforts

A

Surveillance

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10
Q

INTENSITY OF SURVEILLANCE

A

ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE

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11
Q

• healthcare practitioners are required to report disease using appropriate forms and instructions

• all are expected to record all cases of reportable diseases

• Simply put, the healthcare workers will report to the agency responsible for a surveillance

A

PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE

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12
Q

Most widely used surveillance system because it requires less budget

A

PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE

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13
Q

• requires periodic telephone calls, electronic contact, or personal visits to the reporting individuals and institutions to obtain required data

• opposite of passive surveillance

• In this system, the agency that enacts the surveillance system is the one that actively seeks out cases from healthcare workers

A

ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE

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14
Q

More labor intensive and costly compared to passive surveillance

A

ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE

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15
Q

– agencies actively seek out the persons who made contact with a patient who is COVID positive

A

Contact tracing

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16
Q

FUNCTIONS OF DISEASE SURVEILLANCE

A

• Establishment of Baseline Data
• Evaluation of Time Trends
• Identification and Documentation of Outbreaks
• Evaluation of Public Health and Disease Interventions
• Setting of Disease Control Priorities
• Study of Changing Patterns of Disease

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17
Q

_______rates and patterns of diseases can be known only if there is a regular reporting and surveillance system

A

baseline (or usual)

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18
Q

evaluation of disease patterns over longer periods of time (i.e., several years of decades of data)

A

Secular (Long-Term) Trends

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19
Q

– criteria that a physician or an epidemiologist must consider for us to include a certain individual in the cases

A

Case definition

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20
Q

– individual that suffer from a particular disease

A

Cases

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21
Q

Analyze if the ______ is caused by an increase in the number of cases or an artifact of a change in the manner of reporting or change in the detection of the disease.

A

secular trend

22
Q

the x-axis is an arithmetic scale (addition), the y-axis is a logarithmic scale (multiplication)

A

Semilogarithmic graph

23
Q

– tells you how many of the cases have died from that particular disease ( death/ cases) ; tells you how deadly the disease is

A

CFR (case fatality ratio)

24
Q

both x and y axis are in an arithmetic scale

A

arithmetic graph

25
Q

Has equal gaps which means it has equal numbers of dates in between (addition of how many days)

A

Arithmetic graph

26
Q

are not used in epidemiological studies

A

exponential graphs

27
Q
  • Graph used in epidemiological studies and is truly reflective of what is happening in the real world
A

logistic curve or sigmoid graph

28
Q

limited to a certain maximum of death. As the graph goes up, as more people get infected, less people are becoming susceptible. In this case, the virus has nowhere to go, so the virus then slows down.

A

logistic curve or sigmoid graph

29
Q

– many infectious diseases (depending on the route of spread show this type of pattern. The upward and downward trend and the pattern of the disease is based on the seasonal changes

A

Seasonal Variation

30
Q

Seasonal Variation (RAF)

A

Respiratory
Arthropod
Fecal-Oral

31
Q

: usually have a much higher incidence in the winter and early spring in the Northern Hemisphere. (In the Philippines, occurs mostly during rainy season).

A

Respiratory Route

32
Q

: summer or early autumn. (PHL; mosquito = dengue)

A

Arthropod vectors

33
Q

: most common in summer. Partly, because of the warm weather that facilitates the growth of bacteria

A

Fecal-oral route

34
Q

• January 1 to December 31 of the same year

A

CALENDAR YEAR

35
Q

CALENDAR YEAR

A

January 1 to December 31 of the same year

36
Q

• Month of the lowest incidence in one year to the same month in the next year.

A

EPIDEMIOLOGIC YEAR

37
Q

EPIDEMIOLOGIC YEAR

A

Month of the lowest incidence in one year to the same month in the next year.

38
Q

– occurrence of disease at an unusual (or unexpected) frequency

A

Epidemic or Disease Outbreak

39
Q

– the critical number of cases or density of susceptible hosts that have the disease required for an epidemic to occur. It is used to confirm the emergence of an epidemic so as to stepup appropriate control measures.

A

Epidemic Threshold

40
Q

, is the occurrence of disease at an unusual (or unexpected) frequency.

A

epidemic, or disease outbreak

41
Q

: broken blue lines, should be crossed before declaring an outbreak, derived from the seasonal baseline data

A

Epidemic threshold

42
Q

: solid blue line, data gathered from continued surveillance

A

Seasonal baseline data

43
Q

: black line, goes way beyond the threshold then that is considered as an outbreak or epidemic.

A

Actual proportion of deaths

44
Q

• Rapid detection of major increases in the most likely biological agents

A

SURVEILLANCE FOR BIOTERRORISM

45
Q

• Characterize syndromes that would be consistent with agents of particular concern

A

SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE

46
Q

The failure of a vaccine to produce satisfactory immunity or the failure of people to use the vaccine can be detected by one of the following:

A

• A lack of change in disease rates
• An increase in disease rates after an initial decrease, as in the previous example of the polio vaccine
• An increase in disease rates in a recently vaccinated group, as occurred after the use of defective lots of inactivated polio vaccine in the 1950s.

47
Q

• Refers to the process of monitoring the safety of drugs or vaccines once they reach the market, after the successful completion of clinical trials

A

POST-MARKETING SURVEILLANCE

48
Q

Primary purpose: to identify previously unrecognized adverse effects as well as positive effects

A

POST-MARKETING SURVEILLANCE

49
Q

Data on the patterns of diseases for the current time and recent past can help governmental and voluntary agencies establish priorities for disease control efforts. This is not a simple counting procedure.

A

Setting of Disease Control Priorities

50
Q

Study of Changing Patterns of Disease
By____________________________ over time in populations and subpopulations, epidemiologists can better understand the changing patterns of the disease.

A

studying the patterns of occurrence of a particular disease

51
Q

is the foundation of public health control of disease.

It may be active or passive.

Its functions include determining the baseline rates of disease, detecting outbreaks, and evaluating control measures.

A

Surveillance of disease activity

52
Q

are used for setting disease control policy. The investigation of disease outbreaks is a primary function of public health agencies, but the practicing physician makes important contributions in detecting and reporting acute outbreaks.

A

Surveillance data

BIOSTAT (25 decks)

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