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Epidemiology Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

Epidemiology: What is it a study of

A

Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states among specified populations and the application of that study to the control of health problems

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2
Q

Epidemiology is the science of what?

A

Epi = upon

Demos = people

Ology =science

Epidemiology = the science which deals with what falls upon people…..Bridge between biomedical, social and behavioral sciences

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3
Q

Purpose of Epidemiology:

To discover what?

A

Discover the agent, host, and environmental factors that affect health

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4
Q

Purpose of Epidemiology:

To determine what?

A

Determine the relative importance of causes of illness, disability, and death

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5
Q

Purpose of Epidemiology:

To identify what?

A

Identify those segments of the population that have the greatest risk from specific causes of ill health

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6
Q

Purpose of Epidemiology:

To recommend what?

A

To recommend / assist in application of / - - evaluate best interventions (preventive and therapeutic measures)

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7
Q

Purpose of Epidemiology:

To evaluate what?

A

Evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services in improving population health

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8
Q

Purpose of Epidemiology:

What does epidemiology provide the foundation for?

A

To provide foundation for public policy

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9
Q

Epidemiology Key Terms:

Epidemic or outbreak: What is it?

A

Epidemic or outbreak: disease occurrence among a population that is in excess of what is expected in a given time and place.

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10
Q

Epidemiology Key Terms:

Cluster:

A

Cluster: group of cases in a specific time and place that might be more than expected.

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11
Q

Epidemiology Key Terms

Endemic:

A

Endemic: disease or condition present among a population at all times.

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12
Q

Epidemiology Key Terms

Pandemic:

A

Pandemic: a disease or condition that spreads across regions.

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13
Q

Epidemiology Key Terms

Rate:

A

Rate: number of cases occurring during a specific period; always dependent on the size of the population during that period.

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14
Q

Historical Roots of Epidemiology

Ancient time

A

Ancient Times: Hippocrates (460 to 375 BC)

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15
Q

Historical Roots of Epidemiology

Middle Ages:

A

1348 - Plague (Black Death)

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16
Q

Historical Roots of Epidemiology

18th century:

A

Florence Nightingale (1820 to 1910)

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17
Q

Historical Roots of Epidemiology

19th century:

A

Modern epidemiology

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18
Q

Historical Roots of Epidemiology

19th century: Modern epidemiology
What did it include?

A

Causal thinking

Sanitary statistics

Infectious-disease epidemiology

Chronic-disease epidemiology

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19
Q

Historical Roots of Epidemiology

Current:

A

Current: Eco-epidemiology

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20
Q

Sources of Epidemiologic Information include

A

Vital statistics

Census data

Reportable diseases

Disease registries

Environmental monitoring

National Center for Health Statistics Health surveys

Informal observational studies

Scientific studies

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21
Q

Data Sources and Collection Methods

Data Sources include:

A

Individual persons

Environment

Healthcare providers

Nonhealth-related sources (financial, legal)

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22
Q

Public Health Core Sciences

A

Prevention effectiveness

Epidemiology

Laboratory

Informatics

Surveillance

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23
Q

Host, Agent, and Environment Model

Host:

A

Susceptible human or animal who harbors and nourishes a disease-causing agent

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24
Q

Host, Agent, and Environment Model

Agent:

A

A factor that causes or contributes to a health problem or condition

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25
Host, Agent, and Environment Model Environment:
All the external factors surrounding the host that might influence vulnerability or resistance
26
What is the Epidemiology Triad? What does it cause?
Host Environment Agent Causes illness state?
27
Theories of Causality in Health and Illness: What is it?
Relationship between a cause and its effect
28
Theories of Causality in Health and Illness Relationship between a cause and its effect What kind of chain is this?
Chain of causation Causation in noninfectious disease: Multiple causation
29
Theories of Causality in Health and Illness Relationship between a cause and its effect Causation in noninfectious disease:
environmental exposure and behavior
30
Theories of Causality in Health and Illness Multiple causation
Dever’s epidemiological model also called the Web of Causation Web of causation: there are multiple reasons someone can get into a car accident. (ex; medical reason, impaired driving, the car- inspection sticker is fake and was never inspected, people who shouldn’t be driving are driving.
31
Is the following statement True or False? The current thinking of epidemiology focuses on causal thinking.
False Rationale: Current thinking of epidemiology is termed eco-epidemiology, distinguished by transforming global health patterns and technological advances.
32
Immunity: What is it?
A host’s ability to resist a particular infectious disease–causing agent.
33
Immunity: What are the types of immunity?
Passive immunity: Active immunity: Cross-immunity: Herd immunity:
34
Immunity: Passive immunity?
short-term; acquired naturally or artificially
35
Immunity: Active immunity: How long is it? How do you acquire?
long-term, sometimes lifelong; acquired naturally or artificially
36
Immunity: Cross-immunity:
Cross-immunity: immunity to one agent providing immunity to another related agent
37
Immunity: Herd immunity:
Herd immunity: immunity level present in a population group
38
Natural History of a Disease or Health Condition What are the stages?
Susceptibility stage Subclinical disease stage Clinical disease stage Resolution stage
39
39
Natural History of a Disease or Health Condition What is included in the subclinical stage?
Incubation period Induction period
40
Natural History of a Disease or Health Condition What is clinical stage?
During the clinical disease stage, signs and symptoms develop, and in the early phase of this period, they may be evident only through laboratory test findings.
41
Natural History of a Disease or Health Condition What is susceptibility stage?
In the susceptibility stage, the disease is not present, and individuals have not been exposed.
42
Natural History of a Disease or Health Condition What is subclinical disease stage?
During the subclinical disease stage, individuals have been exposed but are asymptomatic
43
Natural History of a Disease or Health Condition What is resolution stage?
During the resolution stage, the disease causes sufficient changes to produce recognizable signs and symptoms.
44
During which of the following stage would the community health nurse first expect to see signs of a disease via laboratory testing?
Clinical disease stage
45
Risk
Probability that a disease or unfavorable health condition will develop
46
Risk: What is it directly influenced by?
Directly influenced by biology, environment, lifestyle, and system of health care
47
Risk: What are risk factors considered?
Risk factors: negative influences
48
Risk: Populations at risk: What is this?
Populations at risk: collection of people among whom a health problem has the possibility of developing because certain influencing factors are present or absent or because there are modifiable risk factors
49
Comparing Population Characteristics What helps us compare health problems among different populations?
Rates help us compare health problems among different populations that include two or more groups who differ by a selected characteristic
50
Understanding Rates What is rates the primary measurement for?
Rate—the primary measurement used to describe the occurrence (quantity) of a state of health in a specific group of people in a given time period
51
Understanding Rates What helps determine the characteristics of those who are at high risk?
Measuring the magnitude or frequency of a state of health determines the characteristics of those who are at high risk.
52
Understanding Rates What provides the best indicators of the probability that a specific state of health will occur?
Calculation of rates provides the best indicators of the probability that a specific state of health will occur.
53
Understanding Rates Incidence:
refers to all new cases of a disease or health condition appearing during a given time
54
Understanding Rates What kind of rates provide the best description of a health condition?
Specific rates calculated by person, place, and time provide the best description of a health condition.
55
Understanding Rates Crude rate:
Crude rate—measurement of the occurrence of the health problem or condition being investigated in the entire population.
56
Understanding Rates Adjusted rate:
Adjusted rate—statistical procedure that removes the effects of differences in the composition of a population, such as age, when comparing one with another.
57
Understanding Rates Incidence rate
—measure of the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that condition over a period of time.
58
Understanding Rates Prevalence rate
Prevalence rate—measures the number of people in a given population who have an existing condition at a given point in time
59
Types of Incidence Rates Mortality rates:
Death rates, common incidence rates calculated for public health purposes
60
Types of Incidence Rates Morbidity rate:
Rate at which a disease occurs in a population from acute to chronic illness.
61
Types of Incidence Rates Incidence rate:
Incidence rate: Measure of the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that condition over a period of time
62
Types of Incidence Rates Rate Formula:
(number of cases/population at risk) x 100 = Rate %
63
Types of Incidence Rates Relative risk ratio:
The ratio of the incidence rate in the exposed group and the incidence rate in the nonexposed group.
64
Types Of Epidemiologic Studies include:
1. Experimental 2. Observational
65
Types Of Epidemiologic Studies include: Observational studies include:
Descriptive Analytic
66
Methods in Epidemiologic Investigative Process Experimental: What occurs in this study?
Investigators control certain factors within the study from the beginning
67
Methods in Epidemiologic Investigative Process Observational --> Descriptive epidemiology: What occurs
Descriptive epidemiology - Data are collected about health problems occurring among the population through public health surveillance. The data collected include information about when the problem occurred, as well as where and who were affected (that is, time, place, and person).
68
Methods in Epidemiologic Investigative Process Observational --> Analytic epidemiology : What occurs
Analytic epidemiology - Comparison between different groups to determine the role of different causative conditions or risk factors.
69
Descriptive and Analytic Epidemiology DESCRIPTIVE: What kind of questions are being asked?
When was the population affected? Where was the population affected? Who was affected?
70
Descriptive and Analytic Epidemiology ANALYTIC: What kind of questions are being asked?
How was the population affected? Why was the population affected?
71
Methods in Epidemiologic Investigative Process – Analytic Studies What kind of studies are used for Analytic epidemiology?
Cross-sectional studies Case–control studies Cohort studies
72
Study Design — Cross-Sectional (Prevalence) Study Why are subjects selected?
Subjects are selected because they are members of a certain population subset at a certain time
73
Study Design — Cohort Study: What kind of study is done?
Longitudinal (long term) study where a group of participants are followed over a long period of time
74
Study Design Type — Case-Control Study How are subjected identified?
Subjects identified as having a disease or condition are compared with subjects without the same disease or condition
75
Is the following statement True or False? Analytic epidemiology involves cohort studies.
True Rationale: Analytic epidemiology attempts to identify associations between a human disease or health problem and its possible causes.
76
Research Process for an Epidemiologic Study
Identify the problem. Review the literature. Design the study. Collect the data. Analyze the findings. Develop conclusions and applications. Disseminate the findings.
77
Outbreak Investigation: How many steps are there?
Ten steps of outbreak investigations
78
Outbreak Investigation: Ten steps of outbreak investigations
Establishing the existence of an outbreak Preparing for fieldwork Verifying the diagnosis Defining and identifying cases Using descriptive epidemiology Developing hypotheses Evaluating the hypotheses Refining the hypotheses Implementing control and prevention measures Communicating findings

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