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Chapter 1 Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

What is health:

A

Holistic state of well-being including soundness of mind, body, and spirit

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2
Q

What is wellness:

A

Health plus the capacity to develop a person’s potential leading to a fulfilling and productive life

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3
Q

What is illness?

A

State of being relatively unhealthy

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4
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC HEALTH:

What does public health involve?

A

Public health involves organized efforts to improve the health of communities rather than individuals.

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5
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC HEALTH:

What is the central goal of public health?

A

The central goal of public health is the reduction of disease through prevention and the improvement of health in the community, both nationally and internationally.

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6
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC HEALTH

Governmental Agencies and Public Health include:

A

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

State and local health departments

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7
Q

PUBLIC HEALTH COMMITMENTS TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES include:

A

World Health Organization

Refugee and disaster-relief assistance

Multilateral, bilateral, and nongovernmental organizations as international organizations of health

International Council of Nurses

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8
Q

INTERNATIONAL COUNCILOF NURSES: What is it?

A

The International Council of Nurses (ICN) is a federation of more than 130 national nurses’ associations, representing more than 13 million nurses worldwide.

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9
Q

NGO: What is it?

A

A nongovernmental organization (NGO) is an agency that acquires resources from private (vs. public) sources to help others.

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10
Q

PHILANTHROPIES

A

A philanthropic organization is one that uses endowed funds or private fund-raising to address the needs of individuals, families, and populations

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11
Q

Is the following statement true or false?

Bilateral agencies and organizations conduct their services in two specific countries.

A

False

Rationale: Bilateral agencies and organizations conduct their services within one specific country.

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12
Q

Is the following statement true or false?

Bilateral agencies and organizations conduct their services within one specific country. What is an example?

A

United States Agency for International Development(USAID)

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13
Q

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN HEALTH CARE

Three core functions are as follows:

A

Identify health care issues (Assessment)

Develop health care policies that provide access to services (Policy development)

Ensure services are delivered and outcomes are achieved (Assurance)

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14
Q

MAJOR HEALTHCARE CHANGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY

A

Development of patient/client-centered care

Increased use of technology

Increased personal responsibility

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15
Q

TRENDS IN PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES include:

A

Health status and its determinants

Utilization of healthcare resources

Expenditures and health

Vulnerable populations and healthcare

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16
Q

Is the following statement true or false?

The United States has found the most efficient way to care for all by decreasing health disparities and giving access to care equally.

A

False

Despite the economic strength of the United States, other industrialized nations have found more efficient and effective ways to care for all by decreasing health disparities and giving access to care equally.

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17
Q

HEALTH CARE CHANGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY

What are social determinants of health?

A

Social determinants of health are social conditions in which people live, including, income, social status, education, literacy level, home and work environment, support networks, gender, culture, and availability of health services

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18
Q

HEALTH CARE CHANGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY include:

A

Taking into account social determinants of health and addressing health care disparities

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19
Q

HEALTH CARE CHANGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY

What are healthcare disparities?

A

Addressing health care disparities, which are differences in health care access and health outcomes experienced by one population in comparison to another group

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20
Q

PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT (PPACA)

What does it provide?

A

Provide affordable health insurance coverage to most Americans

Lower costs

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21
Q

PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT (PPACA)

What does it improve?

A

Improve access to primary care

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22
Q

PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT (PPACA)

What does it include?

A

Preventive care and prescription benefits

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23
Q

PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT (PPACA)

What does it cover?

A

Cover pre-existing conditions

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24
Q

PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT (PPACA)

What does it extend?

A

Extend young adults’ coverage

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25
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
A range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status
26
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH A range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status Examples include:
Biology, genetics Individual behavior Access to health services Environment in which people are born, live, learn, play, work, and age
27
HEALTHY PEOPLE: When was it first released?
First released in 1980 based on the 1979 Surgeon General’s report
28
HEALTHY PEOPLE: What is it?
A comprehensive set of ten-year national public health objectives on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
29
HEALTHY PEOPLE: What is it used for and by who?
Used by the public health and healthcare communities to guide planning and motivate action
30
HEALTHY PEOPLE: What did it identify?
Identified emerging public health priorities and helped to align health-promotion resources, strategies, and research
31
PROGRESS MADE ON PUBLIC HEALTH PRIORITIES SINCE 1990 INITIATION Leading achievements: Reductions in what?
Reductions in major causes of death, such as heart disease and cancer Reductions in risk factors, such as smoking, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol 
32
PROGRESS MADE ON PUBLIC HEALTH PRIORITIES SINCE 1990 INITIATION Leading achievements: Increases in what?
Increases in preventive behaviors, such as childhood vaccinations
33
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 OVERARCHING GOALS Attain what?
Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
34
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 OVERARCHING GOALS Achieve what?
Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
35
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 OVERARCHING GOALS Create what?
Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
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HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 OVERARCHING GOALS Promote what?
Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages
37
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 OVERARCHING GOALS include:
Attain Eliminate Create Promote Engage
38
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 OVERARCHING GOALS include: Attaining:
Attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
39
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 OVERARCHING GOALS include: Eliminating:
Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy to improve the health and well-being of all.
40
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 OVERARCHING GOALS include: Creating:
Create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining the full potential for health and well-being for all.
41
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 OVERARCHING GOALS include: Promote:
Promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well-being across all life stages.
42
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 OVERARCHING GOALS include: Engage:
Engage leadership, key constituents, and the public across multiple sectors to take action and design policies that improve the health and well-being of all.
43
HEALTH LITERACY DEFINITION: WHAT’S NEW? What is there an emphasis on?
Emphasis on people’s ability to use health information rather than just understand it
44
HEALTH LITERACY DEFINITION: WHAT’S NEW? What is there an focus on?
Focus on the ability to make “well-informed” decisions rather than “appropriate” ones
45
HEALTH LITERACY DEFINITION: WHAT’S NEW? What is there an incorporation of?
Incorporation of a public health perspective
46
HEALTH LITERACY DEFINITION: WHAT’S NEW? What is there an acknowledgement of?
Acknowledging that organizations have a responsibility to address health literacy
47
Social Determinants of Health include:
Education (access and quality) Economic stability Healthcare (Access and Quality) Neighborhood and Built Environment Social and Community Context
48
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 LAUNCHED AUGUST 2020 New focus on well-being:
Increased focus on health equity, health literacy, and social determinants of health (SDoH)
49
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 LAUNCHED AUGUST 2020 Builds on what?
Builds on the analysis of and knowledge gained from the previous four decades of work and end-of-decade assessments that evaluate the progress toward achieving the ten-year objectives
50
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 IN FIVE CATEGORIES
1. Health conditions 2. Health behaviors 3. Populations 4. Settings and Systems 5. Social determinants of health
51
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 IN FIVE CATEGORIES Health conditions
Addiction Heart Disease and Stroke Infectious Diseases
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HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 IN FIVE CATEGORIES Health Behaviors
Vaccination Physical Activity Health Communication
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HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 IN FIVE CATEGORIES Populations
LGBT Older Adults People with Disabilities
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HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 IN FIVE CATEGORIES Setting and Systems
Community Public Health Infrastructure Global Health
55
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 IN FIVE CATEGORIES Social Determinants of Health
Economic Stability Neighborhood and Built Environment Education Access and Quality
56
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 LEADING HEALTH INDICATORS
Children, adolescents, and adults who use the oral health care system (2+ years) Consumption of calories from added sugars by persons aged 2 years and over (2+ years) Drug overdose deaths Exposure to unhealthy air Homicides Household food insecurity and hunger Persons who are vaccinated annually against seasonal influenza Persons who know their HIV status (13+ years) Persons with medical insurance (<65 years) Suicides
57
COMMUNITY: What is it?
A collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity or belonging.
58
COMMUNITY: What do they hold?
Holding common rights and privileges
59
COMMUNITY: What do they share?
Sharing common interests
60
COMMUNITY: How do they live?
Living under the same laws and regulations
61
THREE TYPES OF COMMUNITIES
Geographic Common interest Community of solution
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THREE TYPES OF COMMUNITIES: Geographic:
city, town, neighborhood
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THREE TYPES OF COMMUNITIES: Common interest:
church, professional organization, support groups
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THREE TYPES OF COMMUNITIES: Community of solution =
group of people who come together to solve a problem that affects all of them (Flint, Michigan Water Crisis)
65
PUBLIC/COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Population-based practice, defined as a synthesis of nursing and public health within the context of preventing disease and disability and promoting and protecting the health of the entire community
66
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING: Who is the client or unit of care?
Population is the client or unit of care.
67
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING: What is the primary obligation?
Primary obligation is to achieve greatest good for greatest number of people or population as a whole
68
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING: What are the processes used?
Processes used include working with the client as an equal partner.
69
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING: What is the priority?
Primary prevention is the priority.
70
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING: Why are strategies made?
Strategies are selected to create healthy environmental, social, and economic conditions in which populations may thrive.
71
POPULATIONS AND AGGREGATES Population:
People occupying the same geographic area Those sharing one or more characteristics Specific groups of people
72
POPULATIONS AND AGGREGATES Aggregate:
A mass or grouping of distinct individuals who are considered as a whole, and who are loosely associated with one another Groupings of people
73
POPULATIONS AND AGGREGATES What are types of aggregates?
Types of aggregates: communities and populations
74
Public Health: What is it? What doe it focus on?
A subset of health care focused on improving the health outcomes and overall well-being of the public at large rather than individual patients.
75
Public Health: What is it primarily used for?
Used primarily to describe the health practices and policies of local and federal governments, public health encompasses a wide range of duties, responsibilities, and jobs that all work to ensure positive health outcomes for the public and all the various communities comprising it.
76
Population Health:
Subset of public health focused on improving the well-being and health outcomes of a specific group of people or community within the public at large.
77
Population Health: What do healthcare officials working in population health focus their efforts on?
Health care professionals working in population health usually focus their efforts on very specific groups defined by such common demographic factors as geographic location, ethnicity, age, or a shared disability. 
78
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING: What is there an obligation for?
There is an obligation to actively reach out to all who might benefit from a specific activity.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING What is done to assure best overall improvement in health of population?
Optimal use of available resources to assure best overall improvement in health of population is a key element.
80
TRENDS: 75% of total health care spending is on behaviorally-based health problems: Top 4:
Obesity Substance use/abuse Violence Sexual risks
81
TRENDS: When do the largest lifetime expenditures for healthcare typically occur?
Largest lifetime expenditures for healthcare typically occur in the final 6 WEEKS of existence.
82
TRENDS: What are the largest lifetime expenditures for healthcare typically used for?
Expenditures usually for extraordinary measures and procedures in critical care, not for comfort or quality of life.
83
TRENDS: What percent of healthcare spending is for hospital care?
Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) reports that 31% of health care spending is for hospital care.
84
CHRONIC DISEASES Top 10 Most Expensive Chronic Diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases Smoking-related issues Alcohol-related issues Diabetes Alzheimer’s Disease Cancer Obesity Arthritis Asthma Stroke
85
USPHSCC
The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC), also referred to as the Commissioned Corps of the United States Public Health Service, is the federal uniformed service of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) and is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States.

Community Health (16 decks)

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