Epidemiology Methods and Biostatistics

Question 1

?: extent at which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure

Answer 1

Validity

Question 2

?: general accuracy of the measure

Answer 2

Validity

Question 3

4 types of validity

Answer 3

• Face validity
• Content validity
• Construct validity
• Criterion validity

Question 4

?: is the question/ first look/ overall structure valid at first glance

Answer 4

Face validity

Question 5

?: does it measure what it is intended to measure

Answer 5

Content validity

Question 6

?: ability to measure abstract concept adequately, it it designed to measure well

Answer 6

Construct validity

Question 7

?: extend to which measurement able to produce accurate findings when compared to gold standard

Answer 7

Criterion Validity

Question 8

?: is degree to which a measurement produces consistent outcomes

Answer 8

Reliability

Question 9

3 types of reliability:

Answer 9

1- Test-restest reliability
2- internal consistency
3- inter-rater reliability

Question 10

?: refers to repeatability. Such as food frequency questionnaire

Answer 10

Test-restest reliability

Question 11

?: similar questions give similar answers to same subject

Answer 11

Internal consistency

Question 12

?: looks at consistency and agreement between two experts; same questions by two different administrators

Answer 12

inter-rater reliability

Question 13

____ is related to general accuracy

Answer 13

Validity

Question 14

____ is related to general precision

Answer 14

Reliability

Question 15

____ is related to validity and accuracy

Answer 15

Bias

Question 16

____ is related to reliability and precision

Answer 16

Random Error

Question 17

Bias is:

Answer 17

systematic error

Question 18

Precision is:

Answer 18

random error

Question 19

Types of Bias

Answer 19

• Observer Effect
• Social Desirability Bias
• Selection Bias
• Sampling error
• Reporting bias
• Publication bias
• Measurement error
• Misclassification error
• Nonresponse bias
• Healthy volunteer bias

Question 20

?: researcher or interviewer body language or intonation affects participant’s response

Answer 20

Observer Effect

Question 21

?: when participant responds in a way they think they should

Answer 21

Social desirability bias

Question 22

?: ppl decide to include in study dont represent population aimed to study. MAIN THREATS to VALIDITY AND GENERALIZABILITY

Answer 22

Selection bias

Question 23

?: when data points used in analysis don’t represent entire population of data

Answer 23

Sampling error

Question 24

?: direction or statistical significance of results influence whether or how research is reported

Answer 24

Reporting bias

Question 25

?: when papers finding a null hypothesis are not submitted to review, or or not selected for publication

Answer 25

Publication bias

Question 26

?: random error, miscalibrated instrument, imprecision

Answer 26

Measurement error

Question 27

?: wrong category placement

Answer 27

Misclassification error

Question 28

?: not enough answers or data collection when send out surveys (1000 send vs 100 responds)

Answer 28

Non-response bias

Question 29

?: healthy ppl participate in healthy surveys

Answer 29

Healthy volunteer bias

Question 30

?: how valid and close to the truth

Answer 30

Accuracy

Question 31

?: having frequent similar results not necessarily close to truth

Answer 31

Precision

Question 32

?: the ability of a test to correctly identify those with a disease

Answer 32

Sensitivity

Question 33

?: ability of a test to correctly identify those without a disease as disease free

Answer 33

Specificity

Question 34

Sensitivity formula

Answer 34

TP/ TP + FN

Question 35

Specificity Formula

Answer 35

TN/ FP + TN

Question 36

?: probability that a pt has the disease given a positive screening test value

Answer 36

Positive Predictive Value PPV

Question 37

?: probability pt does not have disease given negative screening test value

Answer 37

Negative predictive value NPV

Question 38

PPV Formula

Answer 38

TP/ TP + FP

Question 39

NPV Formula

Answer 39

TN/ FN + TN

Question 40

?: number of existing disease cases during a period of time

Answer 40

Prevalence

Question 41

?: number of new disease cases that develop over a period of time

Answer 41

Incidence

Question 42

PPV increase with increasing ____

Answer 42

Prevalence

Question 43

?: state of being unhealthy, not in good health, or with disease

Answer 43

Morbidity

Question 44

?: refers to death

Answer 44

Mortality

Question 45

?: measure of association between a dependent and independent variable

Answer 45

Odds ratio

Question 46

?: average across a population

Answer 46

Mean

Question 47

?: 50th percentile

Answer 47

Median

Question 48

?: most frequent value

Answer 48

Mode

Question 49

With a negative skew, ____is lower than ____

Answer 49

Mean is lower than median

Question 50

With positive skew, ____is higher than ____

Answer 50

Mean is higher than median

Question 51

?: way to describe spread of a distribution

Answer 51

Standard deviation