Epistemology Exam Review

Question 1

Something known as a result of experience

Answer 1

A Posteriori

Question 2

Something that is known prior to, or without, necessary experience

Answer 2

A Priori

Question 3

The way something seems to us through our senses

Answer 3

Appearance

Question 4

The view that our experiences (our sensations and ideas) are the effects of physical objects acting upon our sense organs

Answer 4

Casual Theory of Perception

Question 5

The relation of cause and effect, one event bringing about another according to natural law

Answer 5

Causation

Question 6

That which brings something about

Answer 6

Cause

Question 7

“I think, therefore I am”

Answer 7

Cogito Ergo Sum

Question 8

That which is brought about

Answer 8

Effect

Question 9

The philosophy that demands that all knowledge, except for certain logical truths and principles of mathematics, comes from experience

Answer 9

Empiricism

Question 10

What is reasonable?

The study of human knowledge, its nature, its sources, its justification

Answer 10

Epistemology

Question 11

Our immediate perception of an object

Answer 11

Idea

Question 12

The metaphysical view that only minds and their ideas exist

Answer 12

Idealism

Question 13

Hume’s word for sensations or sensed-data, that which is given to the mind through the senses

Answer 13

Impressions

Question 14

Literally, ideas that are “born into the mind”; knowledge that is “programmed” into us from birth and need not be learned

Answer 14

Innate Ideas

Question 15

Immediate knowledge of the truth without the aid of any reasoning and without appeal to experience

Answer 15

Intuition

Question 16

An attempt to defend a position or an act, to show that it is correct (or at least reasonable)

Answer 16

Justification

Question 17

A kind of knowledge, sense experience

Answer 17

Perception

Question 18

One of the 7 functions of the mind

storing information

Answer 18

Memory

Question 19

Required (impossible to not be)

Answer 19

Necessary Condition

Question 20

Objects available to mathematics

- quantity, shape, time, magnitude

Answer 20

Primary Qualities (Descartes)

Question 21

What we have called attribute (redness, roundness etc.)

Answer 21

Quality

Question 22

The philosophy that is characterized by its confidence in reason, and intuition in particular, to know reality independently of experience

Answer 22

Rationalism

Question 23

Objects available to the senses

- heat, color, odor, taste, & sound

Answer 23

Secondary Qualities (Descartes)

Question 24

Data provided by the senses

Answer 24

Sensation

Question 25

A philosophical belief that knowledge is not possible, that doubt will not be overcome by any valid arguments

Answer 25

Skepticism

Question 26

Both form and matter “we know not what.”

Answer 26

Substance

Question 27

It is the doctrine that there are no material substances, no physical objects, only minds and ideas in mind

Answer 27

Subjective Idealism

Question 28

Guarantees

Answer 28

Sufficient Condition

Question 29

The mind starts as a blank slate

Answer 29

Tabula Rasa

Question 30

Form/universals and matter/particulars

Answer 30

Plato

Question 31

Please Don’t Look Back Here, Karen

Answer 31

Plato — Descartes — Locke — Berkeley / Hume — Kant

Question 32

What are the two relationships between Metaphysics and Epistemology?

Answer 32

- Epistemology functions as a test for Metaphysical views | - Epistemology is the natural result of the metaphysical inquiry of the Ancients & Medievals

Question 33

- Normative - Naturalistic - Scepticism - Virtue epistemology

Answer 33

The Four General Approaches to Explaining the Differences between Knowledge and “True Belief”

Question 34

This answers: foundationalism and coherentism

Answer 34

Normative

Question 35

This answers: causes of belief

Answer 35

Naturalistic

Question 36

This investigates the apparent inability for us to know

Answer 36

Scepticism

Question 37

This investigates the proper approach and function of the human mind

Answer 37

Virtue Epistemology

Question 38

- Reason is the primary or most superior source of knowledge about reality - Sense experience is an unreliable and inadequate route to knowledge - The fundamental truths about the world can be known a priori: they are either innate or self-evident to our minds - Knowledge is possible - Only through reason can knowledge be obtained - Beliefs based on reason represent reality

Answer 38

Common Points of Rationalism

Question 39

Reason is the primary or more superior source of

Answer 39

knowledge about reality

Question 40

Sense experience is an unreliable and inadequate

Answer 40

route to knowledge

Question 41

The fundamental truths about the world can be known a priori:

Answer 41

They are either innate or self-evident to our minds

Question 42

Knowledge is

Answer 42

possible

Question 43

Only through reason can

Answer 43

knowledge be obtained

Question 44

Beliefs based on reason represent

Answer 44

reality

Question 45

- The only source of genuine knowledge is sense experience - Reason is an unreliable and inadequate route to knowledge unless it is grounded in sense experience - There is no evidence of innate ideas within the mind that are known apart from experience

Answer 45

Common Points of Empiricism

Question 46

The only source of genuine knowledge is

Answer 46

sense experience

Question 47

Reason is an unreliable and inadequate route to knowledge unless

Answer 47

it is grounded in sense experience

Question 48

There is no evidence of innate ideas within the mind that are

Answer 48

known apart from experience

Question 49

Minds and bodies

Answer 49

Rene Descartes

Question 50

Idealism | Reality is ideas

Answer 50

George Berkeley

Question 51

Empiricism | Reality is bodies in motion

Answer 51

David Hume

Question 52

Noumenal and Phenomenal

Answer 52

Immanuel Kant

Question 53

Rationalists emphasize

Answer 53

intuition

Question 54

Empiricists emphasize

Answer 54

experience

Question 55

The mark of the Cogito is

Answer 55

its clarity and distinctness

Question 56

Properties of the objects themselves which are qualities inherent in the objects Solidity, extension, shape, motion, rest, and number

Answer 56

Primary Qualities (Locke)

Question 57

Properties that affect our sense organs but don’t exist independently of the objects Color, texture etc.

Answer 57

Secondary Qualities (Locke)

Question 58

According to Locke, our minds begins as a

Answer 58

blank slate

Question 59

According to Locke, all knowledge comes from

Answer 59

experience

Question 60

- Sensation - Ideas - Quality

Answer 60

Locke’s Categories of Mental Content

Question 61

Esse Est Percipi

Answer 61

To be is to be perceived

Question 62

What Berkeley meant by “to be is to be perceived” is

Answer 62

Subjective Idealism (Berkeley)

Question 63

What does Hume take to be the central idea of all reasoning?

Answer 63

Causation (Hume)

Question 64

Hume’s fork is the idea that for it to be justified it must be either

Answer 64

A “relation of ideas” or a “matter of fact”

Question 65

Hume’s fork demonstrates that

Answer 65

there is no path between relation of ideas and matter of fact

Question 66

Kant’s central thesis and solution to Hume’s fork was

Answer 66

the defense of what he called “synthetic a priori” judgements and their moral and religious equivalents by showing their necessity for all human experience

Question 67

Hume and Berkeley believed that

Answer 67

there are no substances

Question 68

For Descartes, clear and distinct propositions are the criteria for

Answer 68

Knowledge

Question 69

Empiricism asserts

Answer 69

all knowledge comes from experience

Question 70

The expression “I think, therefore I am” is coined by

Answer 70

Descartes

Question 71

Justified true belief defines

Answer 71

Epistemology