Exam Review

Question 1

something known as a result of experience

Answer 1

a posteriori

Question 2

something that is known prior to, or without, necessary knowledge

Answer 2

a priori

Question 3

These are Truths that lie beyond the range of all possible doubt in refutation. These are considered to be a priori truths, which means that they are independent of experience. “2 + 2 = 4” cannot be justified by any possible experience.

Answer 3

Necessary Truth

Question 4

This is a belief that it is true but might not have been true. These truths are based upon experience and necessary truths are not. These are based on empirical knowledge.

Answer 4

Contigent Truth

Question 5

Demonstrably true by virtue of the logical form or the meanings of the component words. This is the compliment to synthetic truth.

Answer 5

Analytic Truth

Question 6

A noncontradictory proposition in which the predicate is not entailed by the subject.

Answer 6

Synthetic Truth

Question 7

Agreement between a proposition and an actual state-of-affairs.

Answer 7

Correspondence

Question 8

Interconnectedness of a proposition with a specified system of propositions.

Answer 8

Coherence

Question 9

usefulness of a proposition in achieving certain intellectual goals.

Answer 9

Pragmatic

Question 10

1. Correspondence
2. Coherence
3. Pragmatic

Answer 10

Tests for Truth

Question 11

What is real?

Answer 11

Metaphysics

Question 12

What is reasonable?

Answer 12

Epistemology

Question 13

What is good?

Answer 13

Ethics

Question 14

What is beauty?

Answer 14

Aesthetics

Question 15

Metaphysics
Epistemology
Ethics
Aesthetics

Answer 15

Topical Division of Philosophy

Question 16

Ontology

Answer 16

Ancients

Question 17

Theology

Answer 17

Medievals

Question 18

Epistemology

Answer 18

Moderns

Question 19

Language

Answer 19

Post-Moderns

Question 20

Ancients
Medievals
Moderns
Post-Moderns

Answer 20

Chronological Division of Philosophy

Question 21

This comes from apologia Greek which means “speech before.”

Answer 21

Apology

Question 22

A sequence of assertions, or statements to back up a viewpoint.

The process of reasoning from one claim to another. This may, but need not, be directed against an explicit alternative.

Answer 22

Arguement

Question 23

The “love of wisdom.”

Answer 23

Philosophy

Question 24

A process of reasoning from one principal to another by means of accepted rules of inference.

In this kind of argument, a conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, and so if you are certain of the premises, you can be certain of the conclusion, too.

Answer 24

Deductive

Question 25

A process of reasoning in which the characteristics of an entire class or set of things is inferred on the basis of an acquaintance with some of its members. In this kind of argument, although the conclusion is supported by the premises, it does not follow necessarily from the premises and its truth is not guaranteed by them.

Answer 25

Inductive

Question 26

An argument that makes an appeal by inference to the best explanation.

Answer 26

Abductive

Question 27

The study of the rules of valid inference and “rational argument.” In general, a sense of order.

Answer 27

Logic

Question 28

The persuasive use of language to convince other people to accept your beliefs.

Answer 28

Rhetoric

Question 29

Assertion, assumed to be true, made to support/further an argument.

Answer 29

Premise

Question 30

An argument that follows established truth preserving rules.

Answer 30

Valid

Question 31

A deductive argument that is valid and has only true premises.

Answer 31

Sound

Question 32

This is “knowledge rightly applied.”

Answer 32

Wisdom

Question 33

A natural scientist like Anaxagoras.

Answer 33

Materialist

Question 34

“Making the weaker argument the stronger.” They were not Athenians.

Answer 34

Sophist

Question 35

Analysis Assessment Argument

Answer 35

Skills for Philosophy

Question 36

according to Solomon: Logic Rhetoric according to Sadler: Form Content

Answer 36

Components of an Argument

Question 37

The structure, approach, or method of inference employed.

Answer 37

Form

Question 38

The ‘facts‘, opinions, assertions, etc.

Answer 38

Content

Question 39

Teacher (Thales) Student (Anaximander) Grand-Student (Anaximenes)

Answer 39

General Pattern of History

Question 40

1. beginning with the pretense of knowledge 2. by question and answer error is discovered 3. continue question and answer in search of “truth” 4. agreement (not necessarily full realized) Stages of Wisdom 1. I assume that I rightly know x. 2. 1st stage of wisdom: realizing your own failure 3. 2nd stage of wisdom: motivated searching for truth 4. 3rd stage of wisdom: knowledge

Answer 40

The Socratic Method

Question 41

If P the Q Q Therefore, P vice verca

Answer 41

Test for Invalidity

Question 42

Induction Deduction Abduction

Answer 42

Major Types of Logic

Question 43

Prejudice

Answer 43

Aristophanes, The Clouds

Question 44

Stand by, and stand strong for your believes

Answer 44

Plato, The Crito

Question 45

Take care of unfinished business

Answer 45

Plato, The Phaedo

Question 46

Do not be picky with wisdom

Answer 46

Plato, The Republic

Question 47

Impiety - not believing in the gods / teaching contrary to the gods Corrupting the Youth - Materialist / Sophist

Answer 47

Charges against Socrates

Question 48

- detachment from worldly goods - focused devotion to truth & wisdom - courage to stand up to the “common wisdom” of the day - humility - calling & commitment

Answer 48

Moral Prerequisites | according to Socrates

Question 49

Negative public opinion - materialist - sophist - corrupter

Answer 49

Former Accusers

Question 50

“He asked the oracle to tell him whether there was anyone wiser than I was, and the prophetess answered that there was no man wiser.”

Answer 50

Socrates response to Chaerephon

Question 51

Materialist — Socrates was a humanist - concerned about ethics and politics Sophist / Teacher — Socrates does not speak with eloquence nor did he receive payment. Also, he denies being an “expert” and does not debate facts but their meaning.

Answer 51

Socrates Response to Public Opinion Charges

Question 52

Meletus — Acusser on behalf of the poets Anytus — Acusser on behalf of the craftsman and politicians Lycon — accuser on behalf of the orators

Answer 52

Latter Acussers