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epithelia & connective tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

what is histology?

A

science that deals with the study of tissues

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2
Q

what is a tissue?

A

group of cells with a common embryonic origin and function together to carry out specialised activities

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3
Q

give examples of tissues

A

-hard tissue (bone)
-semisolid (fat)
-liquid (blood)

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4
Q

what are the four basic tissue types?

A

-epithelial
-connective
-muscular
-nervous

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5
Q

what does the epithelial tissue type do?

A

covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, duct and forms glands

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6
Q

what does the connective tissue type do?

A

Protects,supports and binds organs,also stores energy as fat,provides immunity

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7
Q

what does the muscular tissue type do?

A

Generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generate body heat

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8
Q

what does the nervous tissue type do?

A

detects changes in the body and responds by generating nerve impulses

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9
Q

what are cell junctions?

A

contact points between membranes of tissue cells

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10
Q

what are the 5 main types of cells junctions?

A

-tight junctions
-adherens
-desmosomes
-hemidesmosomes
-gap junctions

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11
Q

what is the structure of tight junctions?

A

-web-like strands of transmembrane proteins
-found in the stomach, intestines and bladder

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12
Q

what do tight junctions do?

A

-fuse together at outer surfaces of cells
-seal passageways between cells
-prevent leakage and stop substances from passing between cells

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13
Q

what do adherens junctions do?

A

-contain plaque protein which anchors membrane proteins to cytoskeletons
-cadherins- transmembrane glycoproteins join adjacent cells
-form adhesion belts round cells
-helps resist cell separating under mechanical stress i.e during peristalsis

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14
Q

what do desmosomes do?

A

-like adherens they contain plaque protein and cadherins
-plaque attaches to intermediate filaments in cells (keratin)
-intermediate span cells providing stability

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15
Q

what do hemidesmosomes do?

A

-do not link adjacent cells
-contain integral transmembrane glycoproteins (not cadherins) which attach to intermediate filaments inside of the cells
-they anchor to basement membranes by binding to laminin

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16
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

-a network of protein filaments throughout the cytosol
-it provides structural support for the cell
-there are 3 types

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17
Q

what are the three types of cytoskeleton?

A

-microfilaments-actin/myosin
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules

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18
Q

what do microfilaments do?

A

generate movement and mechanical support

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19
Q

what do intermediate filaments do?

A

stabilise organelle position and attaches cells together

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20
Q

what do microtubules do?

A

determines cell shape and the movement of organelles and vesicles

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21
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

-cells connected by connexiins
-they have fluid filled transmembrane holes made from connexins

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22
Q

what do gap junctions do?

A

-allows diffusion of ions/small molecules
-provides electrical coupling between cells
-is important in muscle contraction

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23
Q

compare epithelia and connective tissues…

A

-epithelial tissue has no blood vessels
-epithelia form surface layers and are not covered (except lining blood vessels)
-because of these differences they are almost always found together exchanging nutrients and waste

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24
Q

what are the functions of the epithelia?

A

-forms selective barriers
-provides secretory surfaces
-provides protective surfaces

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25
what are the different surfaces of epithelial cells?
-apical surfaces that may contain cilia or microvilli -lateral surfaces that may contain junctions -basal surfaces which bind to the basement membrane
26
what does the basement membrane consist of?
-two extracellular layers
27
what are the two extracellular layers the basement membrane contains?
-basal lamina-containing laminin and collagen -reticular lamina-containing fibroblasts which secrete collagen
28
how are epithelial cells classified?
-by the shape of the surface cells -by the arrangement of cells into layers
29
what are the different shapes of the surface cells of epithelial tissues?
-squamous -cuboidal -columnar -transitional
30
squamous
-flat shape and allows rapid passage of substances
31
cuboidal
-cube shaped, the cells are tall as they are wide
32
columnar
-tall column, the cells are taller than they are wide which protects the underlying tissues
33
transitional
-the shape varies with the tissue stretching (changing shape)
34
what are the different arrangement of cells into layers for epithelial cells?
-simple -pseudostratified -stratified
35
simple
-one layer, all cells are in contact with the basement membrane, this is important for diffusion, osmosis,filtration,secretion and absorption
36
pseudostratified
-two or more layers -only the basal layer is in contact with the basement membrane and this protects underlying tissues
37
what do simple squamous epithelium do?
-they line surfaces involved in passive transport (diffusion)
38
what are some of the lining surfaces involved in diffusion?
-gases (lungs) -liquids (walls of blood capillaries called endothelium) -epithelial layer of serous membranes or serous (mesothelium) -lining of pleural, pericardial,peritoneal cavities (visceral/parietal layers)
39
what do simple cuboidal epithelium do?
-functions in secretion and absorption -usually lines small ducts and tubules -covers the surface of the ovary -lines the kidney,salivary and pancreatic tubules
40
what do non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium do?
-exhibits elongated nuclei -found on highly absorptive surfaces i.e lining the gastrointestinal tract -microvilli increase surface area for absorption -goblet cells-secrete mucus
41
what do ciliated simple columnar epithelium do?
-exhibits elongated nuclei -found on highly absorptive surfaces i.e lining the gastrointestinal tract -microvilli increase surface area for absorption -goblet cells-secrete mucus
42
how are pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
-they have several layers (stratified) but all cell contact basement membrane -the nuclei are all at different levels (not columnar) -ciliated variety is almost exclusive to the lining of the upper respiratory tract
43
how are stratified squamous epithelium?
-keratinised variety forms the superficial layer of skin (epidermis) -non-keratinised variety lines the wet surfaces (mouth,oesophagus and vagina) -they help protect against abrasion,water loss,UV,defence against microbes
44
how are stratified cuboidal epithelium?
-they are thin,usually only 2-3 cells thick -found in ducts of sweat glands -provides protection to other tissues
45
stratified columnar epithelium
very rare
46
how are transitional epithelium?
-they have a variable appearance -exclusively lines the urinary system:bladder,ureters and urethra -allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain the protective lining
47
what are the functions of the glandular epithelium-endocrine glands?
-secretion -endocrine glands secretion enters the interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct
48
what is the secretion of endocrine glands called?
-hormones
49
what are examples of endocrine glands?
-pituitary glands -ovaries -thyroid -adrenal
50
what does glandular epithelium involve?
-exocrine glands-secretions of exocrine glands released into ducts and onto a surface epithelium or lumen
51
what are examples of exocrine glands?
-sweat -oil earwax glands of skin -salivary glands
52
what are the functions of connective tissues?
-bind tissues together -support and strengthen tissue -protect and insulate internal organs -compartmentalise and transport -energy reserves and immune responses
53
what are connective tissues derived from?
-the mesenchyme: immature cells have names that end in -blast e.g fibroblast mature cells have names that end in -cyte e.g osteocyte
54
what are the features of connective tissues?
-all have:sparse cells and extracellular matrix -it consists of protein fibres and grounds substance (may be fluid,semifluid,gelatinous or calcified) -connective tissue is usually highly vascular and supplied with many nerves
55
what is the extracellular matrix?
- non-cellular material located between and around the cells
56
what connective tissues have exceptions to common features?
-cartilage and tendon-both have little or no blood supply and no nerves
57
what are the common CT cells?
-fibroblasts -chondrocytes-make various cartilaginous CT -adipocytes-store triglycerides -osteocytes-make bone -white blood cells-form part of blood
58
what do fibroblasts do?
-they are the most numerous cell of connective tissues -they are large flat cells with branching processes -they secrete protein (collagen,elastin & reticular fibres) and a ground substance
59
what are the different ways connective tissues can be classified?
-embryonic connective tissue -mature connective tissue-there is loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue -cartilage
60
what does embryonic connective tissue include?
-Mesenchyme-gives rise to all CTs -mucous connective tissue (Wharton's jelly)
61
what is mucous connective tissue?
-a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord and it is a rich source of stem cells
62
what are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?
-areolar -adipose -reticular
63
what is areolar CT ?
-it is the most widely distributed in the body and contains several types of cells and all three fibre types
64
what does areolar CT do?
-it is used to attach skin and underlying tissues and as a packing between glands,muscles and nerves
65
where is adipose tissue located?
-in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin and around organs and joints
66
what does adipose tissue do?
-reduces heat loss and serves as padding and as an energy source
67
what is reticular CT?
-a network of interlacing reticular fibres and cells
68
what does reticular CT do?
Forms a scaffolding used by cells of lymphoid tissues such as the spleen and lymph nodes
69
what are the three types of dense connective tissue?
-dense irregular CT -dense regular CT -elastic CT
70
what does dense irregular CT consist of?
-mainly of fibroblasts and collagen fibres randomly arranged
71
what does dense irregular CT do?
-provides strength when forces are pulling from many different directions
72
what is dense regular CT?
-it comprises of tendons, ligaments and other strong attachments where the need for strength along one axis is mandatory (a muscle pulling on a bone)
73
what does elastic CT consist of?
-mainly fibroblasts and freely branching fibres
74
what does elastic CT do?
-allows the stretching of certain tissues like the elastic arteries (aorta)
75
what is the cartilage?
-tissue with poor blood supply that grows slowly -when injured or inflamed, repair is slow
76
what are the three types of cartilage?
-hyaline( glass like) cartilage -fibrocartilage -elastic cartilage
77
what is hyaline cartilage?
-the most abundant type of cartilage which covers the ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose,trachea,bronchi and larynx
78
what does hyaline cartilage do?
-provides a smooth surface for joint movement
79
what is fibrocartilage?
-a very strong tough cartilage that has thick bundles of collagen fibres
80
what does fibrocartilage do?
-fibrocartilage discs in the intervertebral spaces and the knee joints support the huge loads up and down the long axis of the body
81
what does elastic cartilage consist of?
-chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibres
82
what does elastic cartilage do?
-makes up the malleable part of the external ear and epiglottis
83
what are epithelial membranes made up of?
-epithelium + connective tissue
84
what are the types of epithelial membranes?
-mucous membranes -serous membranes -cutaneous membranes (skin)
85
what does mucous membranes do?
-line the inferior body surfaces open to the outside (digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts)
86
what do serous membranes do?
-line some internal surfaces (parietal layer next to the body wall, serous fluid between layers and visceral layer next to the organ)

cells to systems (14 decks)

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