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reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the gonads and what do they do?

A

-testes
-produce sperm and secrete hormones

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2
Q

what does the system of ducts include?

A

-ductus epididymis
-ductus deferens
-ejaculatory duct
-urethra

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3
Q

what does the system of ducts do?

A

-transports and stores sperm, assists in their maturation, conveys them to the exterior

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4
Q

what do accessory sex gland include?

A

-seminal vesicles
-prostate gland
-bulbourethral glands

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5
Q

what are the supporting structures of the male reproductive system and what do they do?

A

-scrotum-supports testes
-penis-delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract

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6
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

-a cutaneous out pouching of the abdomen that supports the testes

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7
Q

what temp does normal sperm production and survival require?

A

-a temp 2-3*c below core body temp

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8
Q

what are the two halves the scrotal septum divides the scrotum into?

A

-cremaster muscle
-dartos muscle

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9
Q

what does the cremaster muscle do?

A

-contracts to elevate the testes on exposure to cold and moves the testes close to the pelvic cavity (skeletal muscle fibres)

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10
Q

what does the dartos muscle do?

A

-contracts and makes the scrotal skin wrinkle minimising heat loss (smooth muscle fibres)

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11
Q

what are the testes/testicles?

A

-paired oval glands that descend from the abdomen to the scrotum during the 7th month of fetal development

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12
Q

what is the structure of the testes/testicles?

A

-it is covered by a fibrous tissue called tunic albuginea
-invaginations form 200-300 compartments called lobules
-each lobule is filled with 2 or 3 seminiferous tubules (spermatogenesis)

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13
Q

what is the pathway for sperm transport?

A

-seminifrous tubule
-straight tubule
-rete testis
-epididymis (head, body,tail)
-ductas vas deferens
-exit through the spermatic cord which also contain blood vessels and nerves

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14
Q

what are the cells of the testes?

A

-leydig cells (interstitial endocrinocytes)
-large sertoli cells

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15
Q

what do leydig cells do?

A

-they are found in spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules which secrete the male hormone testosterone

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16
Q

where are large Sertoli cells found?

A

-embedded among the spermatogenic cells in the tubules

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17
Q

what do large Sertoli cells do?

A

-form the blood testes barrier
-nourish spermatocytes
-mediate the effect of testosterone and FSH on spermatogenesis
-phagocytose excess spermtids
-secrete the hormone inhibin which helps regulate sperm production by inhibiting the production of FSH

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18
Q

what does spermatogenesis do?

A

-produces haploid sperm (one set of 23 chromosomes) from diploid spermatogonia

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19
Q

how many days does the process of spermatogenesis take?

A

74 days

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20
Q

what happens in meiosis one? (reduction division)

A
  • homologous pairs line up to form a tetrad (four chromatids from each homologous pair)
    -the two cells formed by this first nuclear division (meiosis 1) are called secondary spermatocytes
    -each of the 23 chromosomes are still made up of 2 chromatids attached at a centromere
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21
Q

what happens in meiosis 2 (equatorial division)?

A
  • 2 chromatids separate (no replication of DNA)
    -this results in 4 spermatids-each is haploid and unique,there is 50% X chromosome and 50% Y chromosome
    -spermiogenesis happens
    -spermination happens
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22
Q

what is spermiogenesis?

A

-involves the development of spermatids into sperm,acrosome(head) and flagella (tail) form and the mitochondria multiply

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23
Q

what is spermination?

A

-the release from connections to sertoli cells

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24
Q

what is sperm morphology?

A

-how sperm are adapted for reaching and penetrating a secondary oocyte

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25
how are sperm adapted for reaching and penetrating a secondary oocyte?
-the head contains DNA and acrosome -acrosome contains enzymes (hyaluronidase and proteinase) that help sperm penetrate secondary oocyte -midpiece contains mitochondria to form ATP
26
what is the rate at which sperm is produced?
300mill every day
27
what is the life expectancy of sperm in the female reproductive tract?
-48hrs
28
what are the reproductive system ducts in males?
-ducts of testis -epididymis -ductus vas deferens -spermatic cord -ejaculatory ducts -urethra
29
what are the ducts of testis?
-a series of coiled efferent ducts that empty a single duct (epididymis)
30
what is the epididymis?
-a site of sperm maturation and storage
31
what does the ductus vas deferens do?
-conveys sperm during sexual arousal through peristaltic contractions
32
what does the spermatic cord do?
-it has deferens ascend out of the scrotum with arteries/veins,autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels and cremaster muscles
33
what are ejaculatory ducts?
-they are formed by the union of ducts from seminal vesicle and ductus deferens,terminating in the prostatic urethra
34
what is the urethra?
-a shared terminal duct of reproductive and urinary systems, it is subdivided into the prostatic urethra,membranous urethra and a spongy penile urethra
35
what do accessory sex glands do?
-secret the liquid portion of the semen
36
what does the liquid portion of the semen consist of?
-seminal glands -prostate glands -paired bulbourethra (Cowper's) glands
37
what does seminal vesicles contain?
-contains viscous alkaline fluid that helps neutralise acid environment -contains fructose for ATP production by sperm and prostaglandins which contribute to sperm motility and viability
38
what does prostate glands contain?
- a single donut shaped gland that secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid containing: *citric acid (ATP production via Krebs cycle) *several proteolytic enzymes *PSA-prostate specific antigen *semisinalplasmin (antibiotic)
39
what does paired bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands?
-secrte alkaline fluid that protects passing perm by neutralising acids from urine in urethra -mucus lubricates the end of the penis and the lining of the urethra
40
what is the penis?
-a passageway for the ejaculation of semen -the body is composed of three erectile tissue masses filled with blood sinuses surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue
41
what is the process of erection?
-parasympathetic fibres release/cause local production of nitric oxide (NO) -it dilates arterial smooth muscle -large amounts of blood enter blood sinuses -compresses veins draining the penis
42
what does the female reproductive system consist of?
-gonads(ovaries) -uterine(fallopian) tubes or oviducts -uterus -vagina -external organs~vulva or pudendum -mammary glands
43
what does the gonads do?
-produce secondary oocytes and hormones
44
what does the uterine (fallopian) tubes do?
-transports fertilised ova
45
what does the uterus do?
-it is where fetal development occurs
46
what do the mammary glands do?
-produce milk
47
what are the ovaries?
-paired glands homologous to the testes
48
what do the ovaries produce?
-gametes=secondary oocytes that develop into matured ova (eggs) after fertilisation -hormones inc progesterone,oestrogen,inhibin and relaxin
49
what are ovarian ligaments?
-a series of ligaments that hold the ovaries in place
50
what are the three types of ovarian ligaments?
-broad ligament=a fold of parietal peritoneum -ovarian ligament=anchors ovaries to the uterus -suspensory ligament=attaches ovaries to the pelvic wall
51
what are the different parts that form the histology of the ovary?
-germinal epithelium -tunica albuginea -ovarian cortex -ovarian medulla -ovarian follicles -mature (graffian) follicle -corpus luteum
52
what does the germinal epithelium do?
-covers the surface of the ovary
53
where is the tunica albuginea located?
-underneath the epithelium
54
what does the ovarian cortex do?
-it contains the ovarian follicles and stromal cells
55
what does the ovarian medulla do?
-contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
56
where is the ovarian follicle located and what does it do?
-In the cortex and it consists of oocytes in various stages of development
57
what is the mature (graffian) follicle?
-a large fluid filled follicle ready to expel secondary oocytes during ovulation
58
what is the corpus luteum?
-a remnant of mature follicles after ovulation
59
what does oogenesis and follicular development result in?
-the formation of a single haploid secondary oocyte
60
when does oogeneis and follicular development happen?
-during early fetal development and primitive germ cells migrate from yolk sac to ovaries and then differentiate into oogonia (diploid) stem cells
61
how are the primary oocytes that enter meiosis I during fetal development?
-before birth most germ cells degenerate (asteria) and a few develop into primary oocytes -each is covered by a single layer of flat follicular cells -a lot remain at puberty (40,000) and around 400 will mature and ovulate during a lifetime
62
what happens in follicular development?
-each month from puberty to menopause,FSH and LH stimulate the development of sexual primordial follicles (one reaches ovulation) -just before ovulation, diploid primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 -this produces 2 unequal sized haploid cells~the secondary oocyte and first polar body
63
what happens during oogenesis?
-because a secondary oocyte has been formed it begins meiosis II but stops at metaphase -at ovulation, a secondary oocyte is expelled with the first polar body -fertillisation -if a sperm penetrates a secondary oocyte,meiosis 2 resumes
64
what happens if fertilisation doesn't occur in oogenesis?
-the cells degenerate
65
what happens to the secondary oocyte at the end of oogenesis?
-they split into two cells of unequal size:second polar body (discarded) and ovum or mature egg -the nuclei of the sperm cell and ovum unite to form a diploid zygote (fertilisation)
66
what is the functions of the uterus?
-transport of spermatozoa -menstruation -implantation of fertilised ovum -development of foetus during pregnancy and labour
67
how is the uterus anatomically divided?
-fundus -body -isthmus -cervix (opens into vagina)
68
what is the histology of the uterus?
-it has 3 layers: perimetrium (outer layer) myometrium endometrium (inner layer, highly vasculated) -it also has a stratum functionalis and stratum basalis
69
what does the myometrium consist of and what does it do?
-3 layers of smooth muscle -has contractions in response to oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
70
what does the stratum functionalis do?
-lines the cavity and sloughs off during menstruation
71
what does the stratum basalis do?
-it is permanent and gives rise to new stratum functionalis after each menstruation
72
how is the blood supply of the uterus?
-uterine arteries branch as arcuate arteries and radial arteries that supply the myometrium -straight and spiral branches penetrate to the endometrium -spiral arteries supply the stratum functionalis -their constriction due to hormonal changes starts the menstrual cycle
73
what is cervical mucus produced by?
-secretory cells of the mucosa of the cervix
74
what happens when cervical mucus is thin or thick?
-when thin it is more receptive to sperm -when thick it forms a cervical plug that physically impedes sperm penetration
75
what does cervical mucus consist of?
-a mixture of water, glycoprotein,serum type proteins,lipids,enzymes and inorganic salts
76
what does cervical mucous do?
-supplements the energy needs of the sperm -the cervix and the mucus plays a role in capacitation-this renders them competent to fertilise an oocyte
77
what is the vagina?
-a 4-inch long fibromuscular canal extending from the exterior of the body to the uterine cavity, it ends at the cervix
78
what is the structure of the vagina?
-it has a mucosal layer -a muscularis layer that is smooth muscle and allows considerable stretch -it has adventitia-loose connective tissue that binds it to other organs
79
what does the vulva/pudendum consist of?
-mons pubis -labia majora -labia minora -clitoris -vestibule -bulb of vestibule
80
what is the mons pubis?
-fatty pad cushions pubic symphysis
81
where is the labia majora and minora?
-labia majora-homologous to scrotum -labia minora-homologous to spongy (penile) urethra
82
what is the clitoris?
-a small mass of erectile tissue and numerous nerve/blood vessels, it is homologous to the glans penis
83
what is the vestibule and bulb of the vestibule?
-vestibule=region between labia minora -bulb of the vestibule=2 elongated masses of erectile risse,it is on either side of the vaginal office
84
what is the perineum?
- a diamond shaped area medial to the thighs and buttocks of males and females -it contains the external genitalia and anus
85
what may happen to the perineum during childbirth?
-the emerging foetus may cause excessive stretching and tearing of the perineum
86
what may a physician do in the area of the perineum?
-may make a surgical incision (episiotomy) to prevent excessive jagged tears
87
what are mammary glands?
-modified sudoriferous( sweat) glands that produce milk -15-20 lobes are divided into lobules composed of alveoli (milk secreting glands)
88
how do milk secreting glands open?
-by lactiferous ducts at the nipple
89
what is the areola?
-pigmeneted area around the nipple
90
what is the female reproductive cycle?
-cycle that encompasses ovarian and uterine cycle, hormonal changes get that regulate them and related changes in the breast and cervix
91
what is the female reproductive cycle controlled by?
-monthly hormone cycles of the anterior pituitary,hypothalamus and ovary
92
what is the ovarian cycle?
-changes in the ovaries that occur during and after maturation of oocytes
93
what is the uterine (menstrual) cycle?
-a concurrent series of changes in the uterine endometrium preparing it for the arrival of the fertilised ovum
94
what happens if implantation does not occur during the menstrual cycle?
-the stratum functionalis is shed during menstruation

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